TABLE 3.

Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios^* for the association of anthropometric variables with lung cancer, by smoking status, in the Women's Health Initiative, 1998–2006

Variable	Never smokers (197 cases)		Former smokers (736 cases)				Current smokers (404 cases)
	HR†	95% CI†	HR‡	95% CI	HR§	95% CI	HR‡	95% CI	HR¶	95% CI
BMI†#
<23.1	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
23.1–<25.6	1.24	0.80, 1.89	1.05	0.82, 1.34	0.98	0.76, 1.27	1.06	0.81, 1.39	1.06	0.81, 1.39
25.6–<28.3	0.94	0.60, 1.50	0.88	0.68, 1.13	0.73	0.56, 0.96	0.67	0.49, 0.92	0.71	0.52, 0.98
28.3–<32.2	0.73	0.45, 1.21	1.07	0.83, 1.37	0.85	0.65, 1.10	0.74	0.53, 1.02	0.73	0.53, 1.01
≥32.2	0.83	0.50, 1.38	1.13	0.87, 1.47	0.85	0.65, 1.12	0.59	0.40, 0.87	0.62	0.42, 0.92
p for trend	0.15		0.28		0.21		0.0008		0.002
Waist:hip ratio
<0.75	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
0.75–<0.79	1.02	0.65, 1.60	1.17	0.88, 1.55	0.94	0.69, 1.27	1.06	0.73, 1.54	0.96	0.66, 1.40
0.79–<0.82	0.94	0.59, 1.50	1.25	0.94, 1.65	1.02	0.76, 1.36	0.82	0.56, 1.21	0.72	0.49, 1.06
0.82–<0.87	0.91	0.57, 1.47	1.40	1.07, 1.84	1.01	0.76, 1.34	1.09	0.76, 1.57	0.90	0.63, 1.30
≥0.87	1.01	0.64, 1.66	1.63	1.25, 2.13	1.02	0.77, 1.35	1.10	0.77, 1.57	0.89	0.62, 1.27
p for trend	0.96		<0.0001		0.71		0.42		0.67
Waist circumference (cm)
<74.6	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
74.6–<81.1	1.02	0.66, 1.59	0.94	0.72, 1.23	0.86	0.64, 1.14	0.80	0.59, 1.09	0.81	0.59, 1.10
81.1–<88.1	1.19	0.77, 1.83	1.18	0.91, 1.52	0.94	0.71, 1.23	0.77	0.56, 1.05	0.74	0.54, 1.02
88.1–<97.6	0.70	0.42, 1.17	1.10	0.84, 1.43	0.78	0.59, 1.04	0.78	0.57, 1.08	0.71	0.52, 0.98
≥97.6	0.85	0.51, 1.42	1.48	1.14, 1.92	0.97	0.74, 1.29	0.82	0.59, 1.14	0.76	0.54, 1.06
p for trend	0.28		0.0005		0.82		0.28		0.09
BMI adjusted for waist circumference**
<23.1	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
23.1–<25.6	1.16	0.72, 1.87	0.91	0.69, 1.20	0.91	0.68, 1.22	0.99	0.72, 1.35	1.06	0.78, 1.46
25.6–<28.3	0.88	0.49, 1.55	0.64	0.47, 0.89	0.68	0.48, 0.95	0.54	0.36, 0.81	0.66	0.43, 1.00
28.3–<32.2	0.75	0.38, 1.47	0.66	0.46, 0.95	0.71	0.49, 1.03	0.47	0.29, 0.75	0.57	0.35, 0.92
≥32.2	0.91	0.41, 2.05	0.56	0.37, 0.84	0.61	0.40, 0.94	0.30	0.16, 0.53	0.40	0.22, 0.72
p for trend	0.47		0.003		0.02		<0.0001		0.0014
Waist circumference adjusted for BMI**
<74.6	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
74.6–<81.1	1.03	0.63, 1.67	1.05	0.78, 1.41	0.94	0.70, 1.29	0.87	0.63, 1.21	0.83	0.60, 1.15
81.1–<88.1	1.34	0.78, 2.32	1.51	1.10, 2.08	1.19	0.85, 1.67	1.05	0.71, 1.53	0.89	0.61, 1.31
88.1–<97.6	0.88	0.44, 1.74	1.58	1.10, 2.28	1.15	0.78, 1.68	1.40	0.90, 2.16	1.08	0.69, 1.69
≥97.6	1.01	0.45, 2.28	2.37	1.58, 3.57	1.50	0.98, 2.31	2.10	1.24, 3.56	1.56	0.91, 2.69
p for trend	0.97		<0.0001		0.004		0.01		0.12
Height (cm)
<156.5	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
156.5–<160.2	0.85	0.53, 1.36	1.08	0.85, 1.38	1.08	0.83, 1.39	1.26	0.89, 1.80	1.25	0.88, 1.78
160.2–<163.5	0.85	0.52, 1.37	1.00	0.78, 1.29	0.95	0.72, 1.24	1.17	0.82, 1.67	1.14	0.80, 1.62
163.5–<167.1	1.23	0.79, 1.94	1.12	0.87, 1.43	1.11	0.85, 1.44	1.44	1.02, 2.05	1.37	0.96, 1.94
≥167.1	1.44	0.91, 2.27	1.12	0.86, 1.44	1.17	0.89, 1.53	1.22	0.85, 1.75	1.19	0.83, 1.70
p for trend	0.05		0.39		0.26		0.25		0.35
Weight (pounds)††
<132.5	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
132.5–<147.7	1.04	0.68, 1.60	1.00	0.78, 1.27	0.90	0.69, 1.16	0.83	0.62, 1.10	0.87	0.65, 1.15
147.7–<164.0	0.78	0.49, 1.24	0.87	0.68, 1.12	0.72	0.55, 0.94	0.73	0.54, 0.99	0.75	0.55, 1.01
164.0–<187.4	0.95	0.61, 1.50	1.04	0.81, 1.33	0.82	0.62, 1.06	0.74	0.54, 1.01	0.75	0.54, 1.03
≥187.4	0.78	0.47, 1.30	1.09	0.84, 1.41	0.79	0.60, 1.05	0.57	0.39, 0.83	0.60	0.41, 0.87
p for trend	0.31		0.40		0.14		0.002		0.004
Weight (pounds) at age 18 years
<109.5	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
109.5–<117.5	1.16	0.66, 2.06	1.01	0.72, 1.40	0.94	0.65, 1.35	0.81	0.50, 1.30	0.83	0.52, 1.34
117.5–<124.5	1.14	0.65, 2.01	0.99	0.72, 1.37	1.04	0.74, 1.47	0.76	0.48, 1.23	0.78	0.48, 1.25
124.5–<134.5	0.97	0.52, 1.79	1.06	0.77, 1.46	1.12	0.79, 1.57	0.91	0.57, 1.43	0.98	0.62, 1.54
≥134.5	0.98	0.52, 1.85	1.13	0.82, 1.55	1.04	0.74, 1.47	1.09	0.71, 1.67	1.07	0.70, 1.64
p for trend	0.84		0.39		0.57		0.49		0.52
Weight (pounds) at age 35 years
<117.5	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
117.5–<125.5	0.87	0.49, 1.56	0.87	0.65, 1.17	0.87	0.63, 1.19	1.01	0.66, 1.53	1.05	0.69, 1.60
125.5–<134.5	1.39	0.80, 2.40	1.03	0.77, 1.40	1.11	0.81, 1.53	0.82	0.50, 1.34	0.80	0.49, 1.31
134.5–<140.5	0.63	0.33, 1.22	0.81	0.60, 1.10	0.95	0.69, 1.31	1.00	0.65, 1.55	1.08	0.70, 1.67
≥140.5	0.79	0.42, 1.50	0.75	0.54, 1.05	0.76	0.53, 1.08	0.90	0.56, 1.43	0.89	0.56, 1.42
p for trend	0.40		0.09		0.19		0.63		0.63
Weight (pounds) at age 50 years
<124.5	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
124.5–<134.5	1.11	0.64, 1.94	1.14	0.84, 1.55	1.24	0.90, 1.72	0.96	0.63, 1.46	1.02	0.67, 1.55
134.5–<145.5	0.80	0.46, 1.39	0.95	0.71, 1.27	0.94	0.68, 1.28	0.82	0.55, 1.22	0.91	0.61, 1.37
145.5–<160.5	0.73	0.39, 1.37	0.91	0.66, 1.26	0.93	0.64, 1.31	0.60	0.37, 0.98	0.59	0.36, 0.97
≥160.5	0.80	0.41, 1.55	0.87	0.60, 1.25	0.85	0.58, 1.26	0.89	0.55, 1.45	0.86	0.53, 1.40
p for trend	0.31		0.25		0.20		0.34		0.26

^*In never smokers, covariates included age (years—continuous), education (less than high school graduation, high school graduation, some college, college graduation, or postcollege), ethnicity (White, Black, or other), use of hormone replacement therapy (never/ever), intakes of total fat (g/day), fruits (servings/day), vegetables (servings/day), alcohol (drinks/week), and total calories (kcal/day) (all continuous), physical activity (metabolic equivalents per week—continuous), height (cm), and study (Observational Study/Clinical Trial). Models for former smokers included the additional variables pack-years of smoking (>0–<20, 20–<40, 40–<60, or ≥60), age at quitting smoking (<35, 35–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, or ≥60 years), and whether the participant had quit smoking because of a health problem (yes/no). Models for current smokers included pack-years of smoking in addition to the variables listed above for never smokers.

^†HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.

^‡Unadjusted for smoking variables but adjusted for all other variables.

^§Adjusted for pack-years and age at quitting smoking in addition to all of the other covariates listed above.

^¶Adjusted for pack-years of smoking in addition to all of the other covariates listed above.

^#Measured weight (kg) divided by the square of measured height (cm)².

^**From the model including quintiles of BMI and waist circumference.

^††1 pound = 0.45 kg.