Table 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics of study population stratified by quartiles of pre-gravid total physical activity score
| Lowest Quartile n=242 |
Second Quartile n=195 |
Third Quartile n=221 |
Fourth Quartile n=193 |
p |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 33.2 [4.1] | 33.9 [4.0] | 33.4 [4.6] | 33.8 [5.5] | 0.3567 |
| Weeks’ gestation at OGTT (wks) | 29 [28–30] | 29 [28–31] | 29 [28–31] | 30 [28–32] | 0.0034 |
| Pre-p regnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 [21.4–28.6] | 24.2 [21.3–28.8] | 23.0 [21.2–27.4] | 23.1 [21.0–27.0] | 0.0537 |
| Weight gain per week (kg/wk) | 0.3 [0.2–0.4] | 0.3 [0.3–0.4] | 0.3 [0.3–0.5] | 0.4 [0.3–0.5] | 0.0647 |
| Smoking exposure: | 0.3530 | ||||
| Never (%) | 70 | 70 | 71 | 63 | |
| Remote (%) | 27 | 28 | 28 | 35 | |
| Current (%) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Parity: | 0.2916 | ||||
| Nulliparous (%) | 55 | 51 | 55 | 61 | |
| One (%) | 33 | 44 | 33 | 29 | |
| Greater than one (%) | 12 | 6 | 12 | 10 | |
| Previous GDM/macrosomia (%) | 5.0 | 7.7 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 0.5616 |
| Family history of DM (%) | 51.7 | 54.9 | 48.0 | 51.8 | 0.6761 |
| Ethnicity: | 0.0046 | ||||
| Caucasian (%) | 68 | 75 | 74 | 79 | |
| Asian (%) | 18 | 12 | 13 | 8 | |
| Other (%) | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | |
| Pre-g ravid physical actitivity score | 6.2 [0.6] | 7.3 [0.2] | 8.1 [0.3] | 9.4 [0.7] | <0.0001 |
| Work index | 2.0 [0.4] | 2.4 [0.5] | 2.6 [0.6] | 2.9 [0.6] | <0.0001 |
| Leisure-time index | 2.5 [0.4] | 2.9 [0.5] | 3.2 [0.5] | 3.5 [0.5] | <0.0001 |
| Vigorous/Sport index | 1.6 [0.4] | 2.1 [0.5] | 2.4 [0.5] | 3.0 [0.7] | <0.0001 |
| Glucose Metabolism | |||||
| Glucose challenge test (mmol/L) | 8.3 [1.3] | 8.2 [1.4] | 8.2 [1.3] | 8.0 [1.4] | 0.1150 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 [0.5] | 4.6 [0.5] | 4.5 [0.6] | 4.5 [0.6] | 0.1671 |
| AUCgluc on OGTT | 23.0 [3.4] | 23.1 [3.7] | 22.8 [3.9] | 22.3 [3.6] | 0.1960 |
| Glucose tolerance status: | 0.0244 | ||||
| Normal GCT NGT (%) | 10.3 | 14.4 | 11.8 | 20.2 | |
| Abnormal GCT NGT (%) | 48.8 | 47.7 | 48.9 | 47.7 | |
| GIGT (%) | 19.8 | 14.9 | 19.5 | 15.5 | |
| GDM (%) | 21.1 | 23.1 | 19.9 | 16.6 | |
| Insulinogenic Index/HOMA-IR | 10.2 [6.6–5.7] | 9.9 [6.1–14.4] | 10.3 [6.5 –16.9] | 11.1 [6.4–16.7] | 0.5412 |
| ISOGTT | 3.8 [2.7–5.4] | 4.2 [2.8–5.9] | 4.6 [3.0–6.2] | 4.9 [3.1–7.1] | 0.0007 |
Data are presented as mean followed by standard deviation, with the exception of (i) weeks’ gestation, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain/week, insulinogenic index/HOMA-IR and ISOGTT (presented as median followed by interquartile range) and (ii) smoking, parity, previous GDM, family history of DM, ethnicity and glucose tolerance status (presented as percentages).
p-values refer to overall differences across groups as derived from ANOVA analysis for continuous variables (parametric test for normally-distributed variables and non-parametric test for skewed variables) or χ2 test for categorical variables