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. 2010 May 28;5(5):e10892. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010892

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Zhu et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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(Left two columns) Drawings of AER removal experiments, based on Saunders's study [40]. Top images show an intact chicken wing bud at an early stage of development and the limb skeleton that it generates. Middle images show a wing bud at the same early stage with the AER removed, and the resulting limb skeleton, which attains a normal size but is truncated beginning at the elbow. Bottom images show a later stage wing bud whose AER has been removed. The resulting skeleton is truncated from the wrist onward. (Right column) Simulations of limb development using standard parameters. Top: AER (i.e., the source of suppressive FGF morphogen) left intact; normal development results. Middle: AER deleted early during the simulation. Bottom: AER deleted later during the simulation. All simulated limbs were allowed to develop for the same time.