Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of survey participants, n (%)
| Variable | None (n = 757) | Family or friends (n = 380) | Bilingual staff (n = 351) | Medical interpreter (n = 220) | Total sample (n = 1,708) | Statistic | p value | Effect size statistic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 46.8 (9.8) | 53.4 (13.8) | 50.9 (10.6) | 53.1 (11.8) | 49.9 (11.6) | F = 37.60 | <0.001 | d = 0.52 |
| Years in the USA, n (%) | ||||||||
| 0 to 10 years | 172 (23.0) | 95 (25.5) | 96 (27.7) | 39 (17.9) | 402 (23.9) | χ 2 = 34.53 | <0.001 | w = 0.14 |
| 11 to 20 years | 282 (37.7) | 158 (42.5) | 148 (42.8) | 124 (56.9) | 712 (42.3) | |||
| Over 20 years | 294 (39.3) | 119 (32.0) | 102 (29.5) | 55 (25.2) | 570 (33.8) | |||
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||
| None | 105 (17.4) | 116 (34.8) | 176 (51.5) | 64 (31.7) | 461 (31.2) | χ 2 = 326.83 | <0.001 | w = 0.47 |
| Elementary to high school | 90 (15.0) | 34 (10.2) | 13 (3.8) | 12 (5.9) | 149 (10.1) | |||
| College/university/vocational | 192 (31.9) | 20 (6.0) | 11 (3.2) | 4 (2.0) | 227 (15.3) | |||
| ESL/adult school | 176 (29.2) | 143 (42.9) | 129 (37.7) | 107 (53.0) | 555 (37.5) | |||
| Unknown | 39 (6.5) | 20 (6.0) | 13 (3.8) | 15 (7.4) | 87 (5.9) | |||
| Employment, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 451 (59.7) | 158 (42.0) | 174 (49.9) | 68 (31.8) | 843 (49.8) | χ 2 = 66.59 | <0.001 | w = 0.20 |
| No | 304 (40.3) | 218 (58.0) | 175 (50.1) | 146 (68.2) | 851 (50.2) | |||
| Ability to pay for necessities, n (%) | ||||||||
| Not difficult | 478 (65.2) | 147 (39.8) | 116 (33.7) | 67 (31.3) | 808 (48.7) | χ 2 = 148.40 | <0.001 | w = 0.30 |
| Difficult | 255 (34.8) | 222 (60.2) | 228 (66.3) | 147 (68.7) | 852 (51.3) | |||
| Insurance, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 509 (67.2) | 258 (67.9) | 192 (54.7) | 174 (79.1) | 1,133 (66.3) | χ 2 = 38.00 | <0.001 | w = 0.15 |
| No | 248 (32.8) | 122 (32.1) | 159 (45.3) | 46 (20.9) | 575 (33.7) | |||
| Ethnicity, n (%) variable | ||||||||
| Cambodian | 112 (14.8) | 48 (12.6) | 79 (22.5) | 105 (47.7) | 344 (20.1) | χ 2 = 347.92 | <0.001 | w = 0.45 |
| Laotian | 82 (10.8) | 112 (29.5) | 98 (27.9) | 61 (27.7) | 353 (20.7) | |||
| Thai | 346 (45.7) | 154 (40.5) | 173 (49.3) | 52 (23.6) | 725 (42.4) | |||
| Tongan | 217 (28.7) | 66 (17.4) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.9) | 286 (16.7) | |||
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Unmarried | 248 (32.8) | 130 (34.4) | 152 (43.4) | 86 (39.1) | 616 (36.2) | χ 2 = 26.53 | <0.001 | w = 0.13 |
| Married | 484 (64.0) | 226 (59.8) | 173 (49.4) | 122 (55.5) | 1,005 (59.0) | |||
| Living as married | 24 (3.2) | 22 (5.8) | 25 (7.1) | 12 (5.5) | 83 (4.9) | |||