Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Correlational Analyses
| Author(s) | Year of Publication |
Sample | Depression Measure |
Length of Follow-Up |
Memories Reported |
Study’s Conclusion |
Product-Moment Correlation |
Fisher’s Zr Transform (SE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brewin, Reynolds, & Tata | 1999 | Patients with MDD (N = 40) |
BDI | 6 months | Overgeneral | NS | .02 | .02 (.16) |
| Brewin, Watson, McCarthy, Hyman, & Dayson |
1998 | Depressed cancer patients (N = 36) |
HADS | 6 months | Overgeneral | NS | .12 | .12 (.17) |
| Brittlebank, Scott, Ferrier, & Williams |
1993 | Patients with MDD (N = 19) |
HRSD | 7 months | Overgeneral | S | .39 | .42 (.25) |
| Dalgleish, Spinks, Yiend, & Kuyken |
2004 | Patients with SAD (N = 21) |
BDI | 6–8 months | Overgeneral | NS | .20a | .21 (.24)a |
| HRSD | Overgeneral | S | .24a | .26 (.24)a | ||||
| Debeer, Raes, & Hermans | N/Ab | College students (N = 112) |
BDI | 13 months | Categoric | S | .26 | .27 (.10) |
| Specific | NS | .05 | .05 (.10) | |||||
| Gibbs & Rude | 2004 | College students (N = 81) |
BDI | 4–6 weeks | Categoric | NS | .02 | .02 (.11) |
| Hipwell, Reynolds, & Crick | 2004 | Primiparous women (N = 94) |
EPDS | 8.4 weeks | Specific | NS | −.12 | −.12 (.10) |
| Johnson | 2006b | Female college students (N = 88) |
CES-D | 6 months | Overgeneral | NS | .02 | .02 (.11) |
| Kleim & Ehlers | 2008 | Assault survivors (N = 187) |
SCID sx
severity scale |
6 months | Specific | S | −.20 | −.20 (.07) |
| Peeters, Wessel, Merckelbach, & Boon-Vermeeren |
2002 | Patients with MDD (N = 23) |
MADRS | 7 months | Specific | NS | −.08 | −.09 (.22) |
| SDS | Specific | NS | −.11 | −.11 (.22) | ||||
| Raes, Sienaert, Demyttenaere, Peuskens, Williams, & Hermans |
2008 | Patients with MDD (N = 25) |
HRSD | 1 week | Overgeneral | NS | .24 | .24 (.21) |
Note. Sample: SAD = seasonal affective disorder. Sample sizes are those included in the analysis. Depression Measure: BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SCID sx severity scale = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV symptom severity scale; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; SDS = Self-Rating Depression Scale. Italicized depression measures are clinician-rated, whereas non-italicized measures are self-rated. Study’s Conclusion: NS = nonsignificant; S = significant. Fisher’s Zr-Transform (SE): Effect sizes are for the overall OGM measure (when separate results were presented for different cue valences, the Zr-transform values for these statistics were averaged to obtain an overall estimate); SE = standard error.
Conservative estimate based on reported effect size averaged with value of zero for responses to cue words of unreported valence.
Unpublished data.