TABLE 1.

TNF-α-Induced Events Mediated by the SK1/S1P Pathway

Cell Type	Response	Mechanism	Source
HUVEC	Expression of E-selectin and VCAM, ERK and NFkB activation	ND	[37]
HUVEC	eNOS activation	S1PR1 and S1PR3 activation	[114]
HUVEC	ICAM expression	Akt, ERK and NFkB activation	[115]
HAEC	MCP-1 expression and secretion, VCAM expression	p38	[116]
Human neutrophils	Neutrophil priming	ND	[117]
RAW 264.7 macrophages	COX-2 expression, PGE2 production	ND	[35]
U937 human monocytic cells	ERK and NFkB activation	PLD activation	[40]
C6 glioma	Activation of GTP cyclohydrolase I	Intracellular S1P signaling	[118]
1321N1 glioblastoma	Proliferation	Akt and Cyclin D activation	[119]
SKNBE human neuroblastoma	eNOS activation	ND	[120]
H441 lung epithelial	IL-8 expression	ERK, p38 and AP-1 activation	[121]
A549	Cox-2 expression and PGE2 production, IL-6, RANTES, MCP-1 and VCAM expression	NFkB activation	[38]
A549 and L929	COX-2 and PGE2 production	ND	[39]
Fibroblasts	COX-2 expression	ND	[122]
Fibroblasts	ERK activation and MMP1 expression	dihydroS1P via Gαi signaling	[122]
C2C12 myoblasts	Myogenesis	S1PR2	[123]
MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like	IL-6 production	PLC and PKC	[124]
HEK 293T	NFkB activation	SK:TRAF2 binding	[23]

Shown are cellular or biological responses induced by TNF in various cell types. These responses elicited by TNF are dependent on the SK1/S1P pathway. The mechanism(s) by which TNF activates the pathway or by which the SK1/S1P pathway is involved in TNF-mediated events is listed when known. ND: not determined