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ATM activation and downstream signaling. (A) ATM is present in the nucleus as an inactive dimer/multimer that is associated with PP2A, a phosphatase that controls ATM phosphorylation. Upon ionizing radiation (IR), ATM is activated by trans-autophosphorylation and dissociation of the dimer/multimer into monomers as well as by Tip60-mediated acetylation, which enables ATM-mediated phosphorylation of mediator and DNA repair proteins.
