Table 2.

mRNA Profiles Diagnostic of Acute Rejection of Renal Allografts.

AUTHOR, YEAR [REF]	N*	URINARY CELL mRNA LEVELS DURING ACUTE REJECTION COMPARED TO NO ACUTE REJECTION
Li et al, 2001 [9]	151/85	Perforin and granzyme B higher
Muthukumar et al, 2003 [10]	95/87	PI-9, Granzyme B, and perforin mRNAs higher
Dadhania et al, 2003 [11]	99/99	Granzyme B higher; UTI did not increase granzyme B levels
Ding et al, 2003 [12]	89/79	CD103 higher
Kotsch et al, 2004 [13]	221/26	Granulysin higher.
Tatapudi et al, 2004 [14]	63/58	IP-10 and CXCR3 mRNAs higher
Muthukumar et al, 2005 [5]	83/83	FOXP3 mRNA higher
Matz et al, 2006 [15]	−/76	IP-10 mRNA higher
Yannaraki et al, 2006 [16]	162 /37	Perforin, Granzyme B, and FasL mRNAs high during AR, UTI, CMV and DGF
Seiler et al, 2007 [17]	−/117	NKG2D mRNA higher
Renesto et al, 2007 [18]	72/72	Tim-3 and IFN-γ mRNAs higher
Manfro et al, 2008 [19]	165/115	Tim-3 higher
Aquino-Dias et al, 2008 [20]	48/35	Perforin, granzyme B, FasL, Pi-9, FOXP3 higher
Ozbay et al, 2009 [21]	64/64	Perforin, granzyme B granulysin higher; granzyme B, granulysin but not perforin higher in AR compared to bacteriuria; perforin but not granzyme B and granulysin higher in AR compared to CMV
Vasconcellos et al, 1998 [22]	31/25	Granzyme B, perforin and FasL mRNAs increased
Dugre et al, 2000 [23]	−/21	IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-γ, Granzyme B, and perforin mRNAs increased
Shoker et al, 2000 [24]	−/57	CD40L mRNA increased in AR and/or CAN
Sabek et al, 2002 [25]	27/27	Granzyme B, perforin and HLA-DRA mRNAs increased
Netto et al, 2002 [26]	206/29	Granzyme B, perforin and FasL mRNAs increased
Simon et al, 2003 [27]	364/67	Granzyme B and perforin mRNAs increased
Shin et al, 2005 [28]	88/15	Perforin mRNA increased
Veale et al, 2006 [29]	268/46	Granzyme B and perforin mRNAs increased
Graziotto et al 2006 [30]	64/−	Granzyme B, perforin, and FasL mRNAs increased
Manfro et al, 2008 [19]	165/115	Tim-3 higher
Aquino-Dias et al, 2008 [20]	48/35	Perforin, granzyme B, FasL, PI-9, FOXP3 higher

^*number of samples/ number of patients