Table 3.
Biomarkers Predictive of Subsequent Development of Acute Rejection of Renal Allografts
| SAMPLE | BIOMARKERS DETECTED | N* | END-POINT | AUTHOR, YEAR [REF] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMPETITIVE QUANTITATIVE PCR | ||||
| Urine | Granzyme B mRNA and Perforin mRNA, 1–9 days post-transplant |
37 | Development of AR within 10 days of transplant |
Li et al, 2001 [9] |
| REAL TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR | ||||
| Urine | Serine Proteinase Inhibitor -9 mRNA during acute rejection |
29 | Serum creatinine at 6 months following AR |
Muthukumar et al, 2003 [10] |
| Urine | Granulysin mRNA 1–90 days post-transplant |
26 | Development of AR | Kotsch et al, 2004 [13] |
| Urine | FOXP3 mRNA during AR | 36 | Graft loss within 6 months following AR |
Muthukumar et al, 2005 [5] |
| Urine | IP-10 mRNA and protein post- transplant |
mRNA: 58 Protein: 70 |
Development of AR | Matz et al, 2006 [15] |
| Urine | IP-10 mRNA and protein post- transplant |
mRNA: 58 Protein: 70 |
Development of AR | Matz et al, 2006 [15] |
| Urine | NKG2D mRNA post-transplant | 94 | Development of AR | Seiler et al, 2007 [17] |
| Blood | Granzyme B mRNA and Perforin mRNA 5–29 days post-transplant |
67 | Development of AR | Simon T et al, 2003 [27] |
| Blood | Granzyme B and Perforin mRNA 1–65 weeks post-transplant |
46 | Development of AR | Veale et al, 2006 [29] |
| Blood | Perforin mRNA and IL-18 mRNA 1–16 days post-transplant |
54 | Development of AR | Simon et al, 2004, [31] |
| ELISPOT | ||||
| Blood | Pre-transplant donor-specific IFN-γ producing cells |
19 | Development of AR | Heeger et al, 1999 [32] |
| Blood | Pre-transplant donor-specific IFN-γ producing cells |
42 | Development of AR | Nickel et al, 2004 [33] |
| Blood | Pre-transplant donor-specific IFN-γ producing cells |
37 | Development of AR | Augustine et al, 2005 [34] |
| Blood | Pre-transplant donor-specific IFN-γ producing cells |
22 | Development of AR | Nather et al, 2006 [35] |
| ELISA | ||||
| Urine | MIG protein 5–90 days post- transplant |
69 | Development of AR | Hauser et al, 2005 [36] |
| Serum | sCD30 protein pre and day15-post transplant |
50 | Development of AR | Sengul et al, 2006 [37] |
| ATP Release Assay | ||||
| Blood | ATP levels pre and day 14 post- transplant |
58 | Development of AR | Cadillo-Chávez et al, 2006 [38] |
| Flow Cytometry | ||||
| Blood | Anti-endothelial cell (anti-Tie-2) antibodies pre-transplant |
147 | Development of AR ≥3 months after transplant. |
Breimer et al, 2009 [39•] |
*
number of patients