Table 4.
unadjusted, partially adjusted and fully adjusted effect of antenatal and postnatal prevalent CMD on infant undernutrition at the age of six and twelve months in the P-MaMiE study
| Model | Timing for main exposure | Six month time point | One year time point | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight OR(95% CI) | Stunting OR(95% CI) | Underweight OR(95% CI) | Stunting OR(95% CI) | ||
| Unadjusted | |||||
| Antenatal | 1.43(0.89,2.30) | 0.91(0.56, 1.46) | 1.34(0.84, 2.12) | 1.13(0.76, 1.70) | |
| Postnatal | 0.66(0.27, 1.61) | 0.94(0.45, 1.97) | 0.61(0.25, 1.47) | 0.84(0.45, 1.58) | |
| Adjusted for | |||||
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Antenatal | 1.37(0.83, 2.27) | 0.90(0.55, 1.47) | 1.13(0.69, 1.84) | 1.00(0.65, 1.52) | |
| Postnatal | 0.76(0.31, 1.87) | 0.93(0.44, 1.95) | 0.63(0.26, 1.54) | 0.88(0.46, 1.68) | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Antenatal | 1.50(0.91, 2.48) | 0.84(0.50, 1.39) | 1.17(0.71, 1.92) | 1.10(0.72, 1.69) | |
| Postnatal | 0.60(0.24, 1.47) | 0.85(0.40, 1.80) | 0.53(0.22, 1.29) | 0.80(0.42, 1.52) | |
| Infant characteristics | |||||
| Antenatal | 1.50(0.92, 2.46) | 0.96(0.59, 1.56) | 1.33(0.82, 2.14) | 1.18(0.78, 1.79) | |
| Postnatal | 0.68(0.28, 1.65) | 0.91(0.44, 1.91) | 0.62(0.26, 1.49) | 0.82(0.44, 1.55) | |
| Feeding practices | |||||
| Antenatal | 1.52(0.93, 2.49) | 0.96(0.59, 1.57) | 1.32(0.82, 2.13) | 1.18(0.78, 1.78) | |
| Postnatal | 0.67(0.28, 1.65) | 0.92(0.44, 1.92) | 0.61(0.25, 1.47) | 0.81(0.43, 1.53) | |
| Fully Adjusted | |||||
| Antenatal | 1.28(0.73, 2.24) | 0.80(0.46, 1.38) | 0.81(0.46, 1.43) | 1.00(0.62, 1.60) | |
| Postnatal | 0.56(0.22, 1.46) | 0.66(0.30, 1.45) | 0.52(0.21, 1.32) | 0.80(0.40, 1.59) | |
| Available Evidence from relevant Literature | |||||
| Rahman et al 2004 | Antenatal | 3.5(1.5, 8.6) | 3.2(1.1, 9.9) | 3.0(1.5, 6.0) | 2.8(1.3, 6.1) |
| Adewuya et al 2008 | Postnatal | 4.21(1.34, 13.20) | 3.34(1.18, 9.55) | ------- | ------- |
| Adewuya et al 2008§ | Postnatal | 3.19(1.21, 8.40) | 3.21(1.03 10.47) | ----- | ----- |
| Patel et al 2003 ** | Postnatal | Varies between 2.5 and 3.5 | Varies between 3.2 and 3.6 | ------- | ------- |
| Rahman et al 2004** | Postnatal | -------- | ------- | 2.8(1.2, 6.8) | ------- |
| Anoop et al 2004*** | Postnatal | -------- | ------- | 3.1(0.9, 9.7) | -------- |
| Tomlinson et al 2006+ | Postnatal | 0.25(0.03, 2.09) | 1.78(0.69, 4.63) | ||
| Tomlinson et al 2006++ | Postnatal | 2.32(0.90, 6.00) | 2.52(0.98, 6.47) | ||
| Tomlinson et al 2006+++ | Postnatal | 1.10(0.27, 4.46) | 2.44(0.70, 8.58) | ||
| Harpman etal 2005 (ET) | Postnatal | 1.1(0.9, 1.3) | 0.9(0.7, 1.1) | ||
| Harpman etal 2005 (PE) | Postnatal | 0.8(0.6, 1.1) | 1.1(0.9, 1.4) | ||
| Harpman etal 2005 (VE) | Postnatal | 1.3(1.0, 1.7) | 1.2(0.9, 1.7) | ||
| Harpman etal 2005 (IN) | postnatal | 1.1(0.9, 1.3) | 1.4(1.2, 1.6) | ||
| Surkan et al 2008§§ | postnatal | 0.6(0.2, 1.7) | 1.8(1.1, 2.8) | ||
* the models are not fully adjusted and hence no single estimate for adjusted odds ratio
** The result is for nine month rather than for 12 months of infant age
*** The result is at a median infant age of 10.5 month rather than 12 months of age
+ unadjusted effect of concurrent CMD at two month time point
++ unadjusted effect of two month postnatal CMD on 18 month nutritional status
+++ unadjusted effect of concurrent CMD at 18 month of age
§ unadjusted effect of postnatal CMD on three month nutritional status
§§ Reported effects are on nutritional status of 6-24 year old children
ET = Ethiopia; PE = Peru, VE = Vetnam; IN = India