Table 3.
Determinants of professional care seeking (HLM Poisson regression): individual effects
| Model 1: Baseline | Model 2: Need indicators added | Model 3: Full individual level model | Model 4: Country level and cross-level indicators added | Model 5: More parsimonious model (Supply indicator removed) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff. | SE | P | Coeff. | SE | P | Coeff. | SE | P | Coeff. | SE | P | Coeff. | SE | P | |
| Intercept | -1.781 | 0.055 | *** | -1.998 | 0.077 | *** | -2.006 | 0.075 | *** | -2.017 | 0.067 | *** | -2.016 | 0.067 | *** |
| INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL VARIABLES | |||||||||||||||
| PREDISPOSING CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||||||||
| Marital status (Married/Cohabitants = ref.) | |||||||||||||||
| Divorced/Separated | 0.588 | 0.115 | *** | 0.366 | 0.092 | *** | 0.339 | 0.096 | ** | 0.378 | 0.099 | *** | 0.377 | 0.098 | *** |
| Single | 0.024 | 0.094 | 0.090 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.079 | 0.080 | 0.087 | 0.080 | 0.086 | |||||
| Widowed | 0.456 | 0.066 | *** | -0.093 | 0.065 | -0.072 | 0.067 | -0.042 | 0.078 | -0.043 | 0.077 | ||||
| Other | 0.183 | 0.268 | 0.048 | 0.222 | -0.070 | 0.237 | -0.096 | 0.240 | -0.031 | 0.228 | |||||
| Gender (Men = ref.) | |||||||||||||||
| Women | 0.303 | 0.055 | *** | 0.108 | 0.053 | 0.096 | 0.053 | 0.094 | 0.050 | * | 0.093 | 0.050 | * | ||
| Women*divorced/separated | -0,039 | 0.126 | -0.020 | 0.100 | -0.014 | 0.103 | -0.014 | 0.108 | -0.013 | 0.108 | |||||
| Number of children up to 15 years | |||||||||||||||
| Number of other adults | -0.026 | 0.018 | -0.210 | 0.018 | -0.210 | 0.018 | |||||||||
| Education (≥20 years = ref.) | |||||||||||||||
| 16--19 years | 0.001 | 0.060 | -0.012 | 0.042 | -0.012 | 0.042 | |||||||||
| ≤15 years or other | -0.037 | 0.062 | -0.050 | 0.049 | -0.050 | 0.049 | |||||||||
| Still studying | -0.206 | 0.338 | -0.209 | 0.115 | * | -0.210 | 0.115 | * | |||||||
| Don't know | 0.027 | 0.118 | 0.009 | 0.102 | 0.011 | 0.102 | |||||||||
| Work status (Manual workers = ref.) | |||||||||||||||
| Self-employed | 0.140 | 0.096 | 0.115 | 0.071 | 0.116 | 0.071 | |||||||||
| Managers/professionals | 0.036 | 0.104 | 0.033 | 0.069 | 0.035 | 0.069 | |||||||||
| White-collar workers | -0.123 | 0.114 | -0.119 | 0.068 | * | -0.119 | 0.068 | * | |||||||
| Housewives/househusbands | 0.140 | 0.083 | 0.136 | 0.066 | ** | ||||||||||
| Unemployed | 0.165 | 0.093 | 0.170 | 0.067 | ** | 0.171 | 0.067 | ** | |||||||
| Retired | 0.246 | 0.082 | ** | 0.247 | 0.058 | *** | 0.247 | 0.058 | *** | ||||||
| Age | -0.005 | 0.003 | * | -0.005 | 0.001 | *** | -0.005 | 0.001 | *** | ||||||
| ENABLING RESOURCES | |||||||||||||||
| First health support | |||||||||||||||
| from family | 0.043 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.032 | 0.043 | 0.032 | |||||||||
| from friends | 0.079 | 0.059 | 0.079 | 0.038 | ** | 0.078 | 0.038 | ** | |||||||
| Urbanization | 0.050 | 0.034 | 0.047 | 0.020 | ** | 0.048 | 0.020 | ** | |||||||
| NEED FACTORS | |||||||||||||||
| Mental well-being | -0.802 | 0.055 | *** | -0.795 | 0.055 | *** | -0.794 | 0.023 | *** | -0.795 | 0.023 | *** | |||
| Physical health | -0.195 | 0.024 | *** | -0.192 | 0.024 | *** | -0.192 | 0.016 | *** | -0.192 | 0.016 | *** | |||