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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Feb;10(2):87–101. doi: 10.1038/nrc2773
Fundamental properties
of neoplastic progression 		Measures of alterations Challenges for
translation
Genomic instability,
chromosomal alterations,
chromosome instability,
microsatellite instability,
mutations		 Aneuploidy156,164,165, copy
number and LOH154,155,166,
microsatellite
alterations164 		High dimensional
complexity of genomic
alterations and random,
neutral events
Disruption of regulatory
pathways		 Transcription profiles157-
160, methylation
patterns146,167-171,
proteomics161-163, cellular
proliferation172, cell-cycle
abnormalities173-175 		Redundancy and
dynamic adaptation of
networks
Changes in clonal
evolutionary dynamics		 Clonal expansion176,
clone size177, genetic
divergence178, diversity
and generation of
variants178,179 		Heterogeneity, changes
in rates, selection of
variants