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A flowchart demonstrating the way that we hypothesize COX-2-mediates hypoxia-induced VEGF production by Müller cells. In response to hypoxia, COX-2 is up-regulated, leading to increased production of pro-angiogenic PGE2. PGE2 binds to the EP2 and/or EP4 receptors, activating G proteins that couple to increased cAMP production. cAMP activates PKA, which is involved in mediating VEGF production.
