Table 4.
Multilevel Modeling Results for Individual and Area Characteristics as Predictors of Death Without Transport to a Hospital Among People Who Died of Cardiac Events (N = 2,570), Tampa, Florida, Metropolitan Statistical Area, 1998-2002
| Characteristic | Null (Random Effects Only) Model, OR (95% CI) | Model Including Decedent Characteristics, OR (95% CI) | Model Including Decedent Characteristics and Area of Residence, OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | |||
| 25-49 | 1.83 (1.42-2.35) | 1.82 (1.42-2.35) | |
| 50-59 | 1.45 (1.17-1.80) | 1.45 (1.17-1.80) | |
| 60-64 | 1.34 (1.06-1.69) | 1.34 (1.06-1.68) | |
| 65-69 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 1.11 (0.92-1.34) | 1.11 (0.92-1.34) | |
| Women | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 1.43 (1.10-1.87) | 1.49 (1.15-1.94) | |
| Black or Hispanic | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Marital status | |||
| Unmarried | 2.16 (1.82-2.56) | 2.13 (1.79-2.52) | |
| Married | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Education level | |||
| No college degree | 0.99 (0.77-1.27) | 1.01 (0.79-1.31) | |
| College degree | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Area of residencea | |||
| Low population density | 0.81 (0.67-1.01) | ||
| High population density | 1 [Reference] | ||
| PUMA variance | 0.0283 | 0.0118 | 0.0062 |
| Total variance at PUMA level, % | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PUMA, public use microdata area.
a
Based on land area, in square miles, in the PUMA from US Census Bureau's public use microdata 5% sample (14). Low was defined as 23% or more housing units on 1 or more acres, and high was defined as less than 9% of housing units on 1 or more acres.