Table 2.
Estimated β-coefficients (and estimated s.e.) indicating covariate relationships for extinction probability from the top models for all 25 mammal species in India. Note: covariates—park, park presence/absence; park prop, per cent of cell covered; fc, forest cover presence/absence; elv, elevation (transformed); ppl, log (human population density); tol, cultural intolerance; time, time (transformed). For every model additional variations with constant occupancy (ψ (.) p (covariates)) and constant detection (ψ (covariates) p (.)) were also run. Transformation for elevation = covariate × 10/max (covariate).
| species/covariate | constant | forest cover | PA presence | PA prop | elevation | human density | intolerance | time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chital | −0.79 (0.16) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| sambar | −36.79 (12.07) | 24.39 (11.92) | — | −0.35 (0.23) | −0.54 (0.55) | 0.86 (0.22) | — | 0.05 (0.05) |
| muntjac | 6.48 (1.98) | — | — | −0.58 (0.26) | — | — | −3.65 (0.99) | 0.10 (0.07) |
| mouse deer | 0.48 (0.50) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| swamp deer | 2.40 (0.61) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| blackbuck | −19.66 (7.93) | 19.97 (7.92) | — | — | — | — | 19.27 (7.91) | 0.003 (0.08) |
| nilgai | −13.19 (2.29) | — | — | 0.09 (0.27) | 2.31 (0.57) | 0.58 (0.15) | 1.62 (0.43) | — |
| chinkara | −37.00 (1.84) | 14.01 (2.85) | −0.25 (0.48) | — | 2.25 (0.93) | 1.33 (0.15) | 1.67 (0.59) | — |
| four-horned antelope | 7.39 (10.71) | — | — | −1.67 (1.28) | −13.38 (10.10) | −1.17 (1.15) | 5.69 (3.86) | 0.54 (0.36) |
| Nilgiri tahr | −0.73 (0.89) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| wild pig | −2.82 (0.34) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| gaur | 5.76 (2.07) | — | — | −0.68 (0.22) | — | — | −2.31 (1.01) | — |
| wild buffalo | −0.43 (0.65) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| elephant | 3.78 (1.12) | — | — | −0.17 (0.21) | — | — | −1.88 (0.56) | 0 (0.007) |
| rhino | 55.53 (4.79) | — | — | 8.23 (3.08) | — | −4.70 (0.40) | — | — |
| black bear | 17.86 (5.45) | — | — | — | −6.40 (2.33) | −1.10 (0.37) | — | — |
| brown bear | −0.62 (0.81) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| sloth bear | −9.91 (2.23) | −1.44 (1.70) | — | −0.58 (0.27) | 0.44 (0.20) | 0.78 (0.12) | — | — |
| jackal | −6.34 (1.75) | — | — | −0.32 (0.56) | — | — | 1.77 (0.68) | — |
| hyena | −1.35 (0.25) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| wolf | 25.99 (8.87) | 3.42 (1.45) | −3.42 (1.42) | — | −2.29 (0.78) | −2.25 (0.72) | — | 0.16 (0.21) |
| wild dog | 35.99 (1.35) | — | — | −0.87 (0.29) | 0.33 (0.15) | 0.49 (0.11) | −20.90 (0.60) | — |
| tiger | 19.02 (13.43) | −22.02 (13.71) | — | −1.09 (0.19) | 0.51 (0.17) | 0.36 (0.18) | −0.97 (0.24) | 0.10 (0.04) |
| leopard | −4.73 (2.17) | 0.66 (0.48) | — | −0.37 (0.20) | −1.66 (0.43) | 0.27 (0.15) | −0.13 (0.21) | 0.10 (0.04) |
| lion | −0.22 (1.40) | — | — | −1.45 (0.72) | — | — | — | 0.50 (0.20) |