Table 1.

Mode of transmission of plant viruses.

mode of transmission	interaction with the vector	viral genera examples	transmission from infected plant to vector (βp→v)	transmission from viruliferous vector to healthy plant (βv→p)	time during which vectors are viruliferous	example references
non-circulative	restricted to mouth parts	Potyvirus, Cucumovirus	minutes	minutes to hoursa	minutes to hoursa	Palacios et al. (2002); Kalleshwaraswamy & Kumar (2008)
circulative	interaction with haemocoel	Luteovirus	minutes to a few hours	days to weeks	days to weeks	Gray et al. (1991)
propagative	replication within the vector	Tospovirus, Tenuivirus	minutes to a few hours	days to weeks	vector lifespan	Mehta et al. (1994)

^aException: Nepovirus.