Figure 1.

Generalized a priori conceptual model depicting pathways by which climate, and therefore climate change, and species interactions may influence ecosystem function, along with important covariates. Dashed boxes depict conceptual variables which may be represented by multiple measurements. Solid boxes depict measurements available in at least one of three datasets. Single-headed arrows signify a hypothesized causal influence of one variable upon another. Double-headed arrows signify a correlation in which no direction is specified, possibly owing to shared causal influences; though not shown for simplicity, measured variables within dashed boxes are expected to intercorrelate. Superscript numbers denote which of the four studies each variable was used in.