Figure 4.

(a) Number of individuals within 5 m of the box (bystanders) per trial corrected for group size in six different groups. (b) The log-transformed frequency of aggression performed by the model towards bystanders per experimental session, and (c) the mean probability for each bystander that it looks at the model at the moment of box opening. For all three results, means ((a) per trial, (b) per experimental session, (c) of individual bystander means) and s.d. are shown. Results for groups with female models (Bay, Picnic and Blesbokvlakte) are shown in black bars, while results for groups with male models (Donga, Nooitgedacht and Fishing Camp) are shown in grey bars.