Table 3.
Associations between intake of fat-soluble antioxidants and survival following glioma diagnosis†, stratified by histology group
| Nutrient (unit) Tertiles | All or self-report (SR) only | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (143 cases, 72 deaths) | (130 cases, 103 deaths) | (475 cases, 473 deaths) | ||||||||
| Lower limit | Upper limit | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Vitamin E (mg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 0.8 | to | 6.4 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 6.5 | to | 9.4 | 1.00 | (0.44-2.27) | 1.02 | (0.60-1.74) | 1.15 | (0.89-1.50) | |
| T3: | 9.5 | to | 42.1 | 1.05 | (0.33-3.33) | 0.37* | (0.17-0.81) | 0.81 | (0.58-1.12) | |
| T1: | 0.8 | to | 6.4 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 6.5 | to | 9.4 | 0.87 | (0.38-2.01) | 1.75 | (0.83-3.69) | 1.06 | (0.74-1.53) | |
| T3: | 9.5 | to | 42.1 | 0.82 | (0.23-2.95) | 1.06 | (0.38-2.98) | 0.97 | (0.62-1.51) | |
| Alpha-carotene (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 7.4 | to | 427.1 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 428.6 | to | 916.1 | 0.64 | (0.29-1.40) | 1.44 | (0.81-2.56) | 0.99 | (0.76-1.28) | |
| T3: | 917.8 | to | 17008.2 | 1.10 | (0.55-2.22) | 0.91 | (0.48-1.72) | 1.06 | (0.80-1.40) | |
| T1: | 7.4 | to | 427.1 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 428.6 | to | 916.1 | 0.65 | (0.28-1.53) | .12* | (1.08-4.18) | 0.88 | (0.60-1.27) | |
| T3: | 917.8 | to | 17008.2 | 1.20 | (0.57-2.53) | 1.18 | (0.57-2.45) | 1.18 | (0.81-1.72) | |
| Beta-carotene (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 257.7 | to | 2070.1 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 2070.2 | to | 3754.1 | 0.86 | (0.43-1.74) | 0.95 | (0.54-1.68) | 1.08 | (0.84-1.39) | |
| T3: | 3757.6 | to | 39807.1 | 0.92 | (0.45-1.90) | 0.76 | (0.37-1.54) | 1.11 | (0.85-1.46) | |
| T1: | 257.7 | to | 2070.1 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 2070.2 | to | 3754.1 | 0.79 | (0.36-1.71) | 1.36 | (0.64-2.90) | 1.06 | (0.74-1.53) | |
| T3: | 3757.6 | to | 39807.1 | 1.08 | (0.53-2.21) | 1.45 | (0.61-3.48) | 0.97 | (0.66-1.41) | |
| Carotenoids (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 303.0 | to | 2501.5 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 2503.5 | to | 4658.0 | 0.89 | (0.43-1.84) | 1.05 | (0.60-1.82) | 1.11 | (0.87-1.43) | |
| T3: | 4662.2 | to | 51458.1 | 0.91 | (0.46-1.82) | 0.68 | (0.33-1.41) | 1.18 | (0.89-1.55) | |
| T1: | 303.0 | to | 2501.5 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 2503.5 | to | 4658.0 | 0.74 | (0.34-1.64) | 1.70 | (0.84-3.46) | 1.13 | (0.78-1.63) | |
| T3: | 4662.2 | to | 51458.1 | 1.02 | (0.50-2.06) | 1.21 | (0.50-2.90) | 1.02 | (0.69-1.50) | |
| Lutein (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 31.3 | to | 1285.5 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 1288.6 | to | 2687.6 | 0.69 | (0.36-1.35) | 0.60 | (0.35-1.02) | 0.96 | (0.74-1.23) | |
| T3: | 2694.2 | to | 51290.4 | 0.56 | (0.26-1.18) | 1.03 | (0.53-2.01) | 1.19 | (0.92-1.53) | |
| T1: | 31.3 | to | 1285.5 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 1288.6 | to | 2687.6 | 0.70 | (0.35-1.43) | 1.11 | (0.55-2.26) | 1.06 | (0.73-1.53) | |
| T3: | 2694.2 | to | 51290.4 | 0.65 | (0.30-1.41) | 1.86 | (0.72-4.78) | 1.07 | (0.74-1.53) | |
| Lycopene (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 0.0 | to | 914.8 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 915.8 | to | 2118.3 | 1.78 | (0.92-3.46) | 1.33 | (0.77-2.31) | 1.27 | (0.99-1.62) | |
| T3: | 2121.5 | to | 26788.8 | 0.81 | (0.37-1.80) | 0.70 | (0.36-1.36) | 1.10 | (0.85-1.44) | |
| T1: | 0.0 | to | 914.8 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 915.8 | to | 2118.3 | 2.31* | (1.12-4.75) | 2.17* | (1.02-4.62) | 1.10 | (0.77-1.57) | |
| T3: | 2121.5 | to | 26788.8 | 1.00 | (0.41-2.44) | 2.31 | (0.98-5.43) | 1.00 | (0.69-1.44) | |
| Cryptoxanthin (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 0.0 | to | 79.8 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 80.2 | to | 180.3 | 1.52 | (0.70-3.29) | 0.66 | (0.37-1.18) | 1.34* | (1.04-1.73) | |
| T3: | 180.4 | to | 1437.2 | 0.92 | (0.39-2.17) | 1.24 | (0.66-2.33) | 1.57* | (1.20-2.06) | |
| T1: | 0.0 | to | 79.8 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 80.2 | to | 180.3 | 1.83 | (0.86-3.92) | 1.04 | (0.51-2.14) | 1.19 | (0.82-1.72) | |
| T3: | 180.4 | to | 1437.2 | 0.85 | (0.35-2.08) | 1.14 | (0.52-2.51) | 1.32 | (0.90-1.93) | |
| Coumestrol (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 3.0 | to | 83.4 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 84.1 | to | 145.3 | 0.99 | (0.51-1.90) | 0.70 | (0.38-1.30) | 1.13 | (0.88-1.45) | |
| T3: | 145.5 | to | 1315.3 | 0.77 | (0.33-1.75) | 1.06 | (0.60-1.87) | 1.16 | (0.88-1.54) | |
| T1: | 3.0 | to | 83.4 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 84.1 | to | 145.3 | 1.11 | (0.56-2.21) | 1.41 | (0.67-2.96) | 0.98 | (0.68-1.40) | |
| T3: | 145.5 | to | 1315.3 | 0.73 | (0.29-1.82) | 0.96 | (0.45-2.05) | 1.06 | (0.72-1.57) | |
| Matairesinol (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 0.1 | to | 17.6 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 17.7 | to | 34.5 | 1.17 | (0.55-2.49) | 0.88 | (0.51-1.52) | 1.38* | (1.08-1.77) | |
| T3: | 34.6 | to | 218.6 | 0.78 | (0.36-1.69) | 0.86 | (0.48-1.54) | 1.20 | (0.92-1.57) | |
| T1: | 0.1 | to | 17.6 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 17.7 | to | 34.5 | 1.14 | (0.52-2.50) | 1.27 | (0.59-2.73) | 1.34 | (0.95-1.89) | |
| T3: | 34.6 | to | 218.6 | 0.88 | (0.38-2.04) | 1.00 | (0.48-2.09) | 1.07 | (0.74-1.55) | |
| Secoisolariciresinol (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 6.3 | to | 87.3 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 87.4 | to | 146.0 | 1.25 | (0.60-2.61) | 0.54* | (0.31-0.93) | 1.04 | (0.81-1.33) | |
| T3: | 146.1 | to | 698.4 | 1.95 | (0.93-4.10) | 0.48* | (0.25-0.92) | 1.32* | (1.02-1.72) | |
| T1: | 6.3 | to | 87.3 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 87.4 | to | 146.0 | 1.19 | (0.52-2.73) | 0.75 | (0.38-1.49) | 0.83 | (0.58-1.21) | |
| T3: | 146.1 | to | 698.4 | 1.41 | (0.63-3.15) | 0.51 | (0.22-1.19) | 0.95 | (0.66-1.36) | |
| Linoleic acid (g) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 1.6 | to | 8.9 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 9.0 | to | 14.6 | 1.21 | (0.57-2.58) | 1.15 | (0.66-2.02) | 1.03 | (0.80-1.32) | |
| T3: | 14.7 | to | 57.7 | 0.95 | (0.35-2.60) | 0.50 | (0.25-1.01) | 0.87 | (0.63-1.19) | |
| T1: | 1.6 | to | 8.9 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 9.0 | to | 14.6 | 1.14 | (0.51-2.53) | 0.88 | (0.41-1.89) | 0.85 | (0.60-1.21) | |
| T3: | 14.7 | to | 57.7 | 1.17 | (0.41-3.35) | 0.59 | (0.23-1.52) | 0.96 | (0.60-1.54) | |
† adjusted for reporting status (all cases vs self reported cases only), age at diagnosis (<48,48-65,>65), treatment (radiation, chemo, surgery - yes/no), education (<12, 12, >12), marital status (yes/no), total calories (continuous), pack years (median = 18.5), and age at first alcoholic drink (<18,18-20,>20).
* p < 0.05