Table 4.
Associations between intake of water-soluble antioxidants and survival following glioma diagnosis†, stratified by histology group
| Nutrient (unit) Tertiles | All or self-report (SR) only | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (143 cases, 72 deaths) | (130 cases, 103 deaths) | (475 cases, 473 deaths) | ||||||||
| Lower limit | Upper limit | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Vitamin C (mg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 4.5 | to | 84.1 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 84.1 | to | 149.6 | 1.33 | (0.72-2.48) | 0.71 | (0.40-1.27) | 1.23 | (0.96-1.57) | |
| T3: | 149.6 | to | 869.6 | 0.52 | (0.23-1.20) | 1.07 | (0.56-2.03) | .44* | (1.09-1.91) | |
| T1: | 4.5 | to | 84.1 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 84.1 | to | 149.6 | 1.21 | (0.63-2.34) | 1.04 | (0.50-2.16) | 1.2 | (0.84-1.72) | |
| T3: | 149.6 | to | 869.6 | 0.56 | (0.21-1.47) | 1.18 | (0.51-2.75) | 1.28 | (0.87-1.90) | |
| Formononetin (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 0.1 | to | 9.3 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 9.4 | to | 23.0 | 1.08 | (0.55-2.15) | 47* | (0.25-0.89) | .27* | (1.00-1.61) | |
| T3: | 23.1 | to | 155.6 | 1.08 | (0.46-2.52) | 0.79 | (0.43-1.43) | 1.04 | (0.79-1.37) | |
| T1: | 0.1 | to | 9.3 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 9.4 | to | 23.0 | 1.18 | (0.57-2.42) | 0.67 | (0.29-1.53) | 1.16 | (0.82-1.63) | |
| T3: | 23.1 | to | 155.6 | 0.96 | (0.41-2.29) | 0.56 | (0.27-1.14) | 1.03 | (0.71-1.49) | |
| Genistein (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 8.1 | to | 141.3 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 141.7 | to | 291.3 | 1.18 | (0.57-2.43) | 1.18 | (0.66-2.12) | 1.2 | (0.92-1.56) | |
| T3: | 291.6 | to | 44265.2 | 1.05 | (0.40-2.74) | 1.25 | (0.69-2.27) | 1.35* | (1.00-1.81) | |
| T1: | 8.1 | to | 141.3 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 141.7 | to | 291.3 | 0.93 | (0.42-2.07) | 1.53 | (0.71-3.29) | 1.02 | (0.70-1.48) | |
| T3: | 291.6 | to | 44265.2 | 0.78 | (0.29-2.15) | 1.56 | (0.65-3.74) | 1.42 | (0.96-2.10) | |
| Daidzein (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 10.1 | to | 269.0 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 270.1 | to | 440.6 | 1.77 | (0.96-3.26) | 0.71 | (0.40-1.28) | 1.06 | (0.83-1.36) | |
| T3: | 440.6 | to | 36886.6 | 1.7 | (0.70-4.14) | 1.01 | (0.55-1.85) | 1.13 | (0.86-1.49) | |
| T1: | 10.1 | to | 269.0 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 270.1 | to | 440.6 | 1.54 | (0.75-3.17) | 1.05 | (0.49-2.25) | 1.2 | (0.84-1.72) | |
| T3: | 440.6 | to | 36886.6 | 1.21 | (0.46-3.20) | 0.7 | (0.29-1.66) | 1.08 | (0.75-1.57) | |
| Biochanin A (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 0.0 | to | 15.4 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 15.4 | to | 37.8 | 1.03 | (0.53-2.01) | 0.84 | (0.47-1.51) | 1.27 | (0.99-1.62) | |
| T3: | 37.8 | to | 334.7 | 0.6 | (0.28-1.30) | 0.91 | (0.45-1.88) | 1.26 | (0.97-1.64) | |
| T1: | 0.0 | to | 15.4 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 15.4 | to | 37.8 | 1.24 | (0.62-2.49) | 0.56 | (0.26-1.20) | 0.92 | (0.64-1.33) | |
| T3: | 37.8 | to | 334.7 | 0.56 | (0.24-1.32) | 0.66 | (0.27-1.57) | 1.02 | (0.70-1.50) | |
| Calcium (mg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 85.0 | to | 499.9 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 501.6 | to | 807.7 | 1.23 | (0.61-2.47) | 0.7 | (0.39-1.24) | 1.06 | (0.82-1.37) | |
| T3: | 808.1 | to | 2686.8 | 0.95 | (0.35-2.53) | 1.22 | (0.59-2.55) | 0.87 | (0.64-1.19) | |
| T1: | 85.0 | to | 499.9 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 501.6 | to | 807.7 | 1.5 | (0.70-3.24) | 1.32 | (0.65-2.67) | 1.06 | (0.74-1.52) | |
| T3: | 808.1 | to | 2686.8 | 1.56 | (0.58-4.15) | 2.27 | (0.93-5.53) | 0.81 | (0.53-1.24) | |
| Folate (mcg) | ||||||||||
| T1: | 56.5 | to | 297.0 | ALL | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 297.4 | to | 434.7 | 0.45* | (0.20-0.99) | 1.05 | (0.62-1.78) | 0.84 | (0.65-1.09) | |
| T3: | 435.1 | to | 1530.0 | 0.35 | (0.12-1.01) | 0.59 | (0.28-1.24) | 1.08 | (0.78-1.50) | |
| T1: | 56.5 | to | 297.0 | SR | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| T2: | 297.4 | to | 434.7 | 0.49 | (0.22-1.12) | 1.29 | (0.61-2.73) | 0.82 | (0.57-1.17) | |
| T3: | 435.1 | to | 1530.0 | 0.41 | (0.13-1.29) | 2.26 | (0.77-6.60) | 1.09 | (0.68-1.74) | |
† adjusted for reporting status (all cases vs self reported cases only), age at diagnosis (<48,48-65,>65), treatment (radiation, chemo, surgery - yes/no), education (<12, 12, >12), marital status (yes/no), total calories (continuous), pack years (median=18.5), and age at first alcoholic drink (<18,18 - 20,>20).
* p < 0.05