Table 3. Characteristics of husbands, by their EMSP status.
| 1998 | 2001 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables | No EMSP | EMSP | Total | Sig | No EMSP | EMSP | Total | Sig |
| n | 944 | 93 | 1037 | 852 | 83 | 935 | ||
| Individual characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (ave) | 37.6 | 31.8 | 37.1 | *** | 40.5 | 36.1 | 40.1 | *** |
| Education (%) | * | |||||||
| None | 22.6 | 16.1 | 22.0 | 17.2 | 14.5 | 16.9 | ||
| Primary | 63.6 | 60.2 | 63.3 | 68.4 | 66.3 | 68.2 | ||
| Secondary | 13.9 | 23.7 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 19.3 | 14.9 | ||
| Religion (%) | *** | |||||||
| Catholic | 19.0 | 9.7 | 18.1 | 17.1 | 27.7 | 18.0 | ||
| Protestant | 50.9 | 59.1 | 51.6 | 56.9 | 32.5 | 54.8 | ||
| Muslim | 22.1 | 23.7 | 22.3 | 19.3 | 33.7 | 20.6 | ||
| Other | 8.1 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.7 | ||
| Religiosity | ** | |||||||
| Attend in last week | na | na | na | 66.8 | 55.4 | 65.8 | ||
| Attend in last 6 months | na | na | na | 27.9 | 30.1 | 28.1 | ||
| Attend more than 6 months ago | na | na | na | 5.3 | 14.5 | 6.1 | ||
| Ownership of consumer goods (ave) | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| Household material (%) | ** | |||||||
| Mud | 54.8 | 62.4 | 55.5 | 49.8 | 32.5 | 48.2 | ||
| Sun or fire brick | 45.2 | 37.6 | 44.5 | 50.2 | 67.5 | 51.8 | ||
| Marital union characteristics | ||||||||
| Marriage duration, years (ave) | 10.8 | 7.3 | 10.5 | *** | 13.2 | 10.0 | 12.9 | ** |
| Polygamous union (%) | 13.9 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 17.7 | 18.1 | 17.7 | ||
| New wife in last year (%) | na | na | na | 2.0 | 6.2 | 2.4 | * | |
| Child born in last year (%) | 36.4 | 41.9 | 36.9 | 37.3 | 50.6 | 37.3 | * | |
| Number of children (ave) | 4.0 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 4.6 | * | |
| Husband resides in hh (%) | 94.2 | 90.3 | 93.8 | 96.1 | 92.8 | 95.8 | ||
| Friend's characteristics | ||||||||
| Best friends (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Does not have EMSP | 75.0 | 39.8 | 71.8 | 60.9 | 29.3 | 58.1 | ||
| Has ESMP | 14.9 | 54.8 | 18.4 | 29.1 | 65.9 | 32.4 | ||
| Don't know about EMSP | 10.2 | 5.4 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 4.9 | 9.5 | ||
| Friends(%) | *** | |||||||
| Does not have EMSP | 70.7 | 56.9 | 69.4 | 59.1 | 52.0 | 58.6 | ||
| Has ESMP | 12.9 | 30.8 | 14.6 | 20.2 | 30.0 | 20.9 | ||
| Don't know about EMSP | 16.5 | 12.3 | 16.1 | 20.7 | 18.0 | 20.5 | ||
| No discussion of AIDS (%) | 35.0 | 30.1 | 34.5 | 27.4 | 39.8 | 28.5 | * | |
| Region (%) | *** | |||||||
| Balaka (South) | 34.0 | 30.1 | 33.7 | 25.5 | 51.8 | 27.8 | ||
| Mchinji (Central) | 35.7 | 44.1 | 36.5 | 41.7 | 24.1 | 40.1 | ||
| Rumphi (North) | 30.3 | 25.8 | 29.9 | 32.9 | 24.1 | 32.1 | ||
Significance:
*
= p<0.05,
**
= p<0.01,
***
= p<0.001