Table 8.
Spatial accessibility to fruits and vegetables by area-level vehicle ownership, using measures of coverage*
| Low Vehicle Ownership (n = 35) | Medium Vehicle Ownership (n = 32) | High Vehicle Ownership (n = 34) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY | ||||
| Coverage - 3 mi | ||||
| Food stores | ||||
| Supermarket | 1.2 ± 1.1¶ (1; 0-3) | 0.4 ± 0.9 (0; 0-3) | 0.5 ± 0.9 (0; 0-3) | |
| Traditional | 1.6 ± 1.1¶ (2; 0-2) | 0.5 ± 0.9 (0; 0-3) | 0.6 ± 1.0 (0; 0-3) | |
| Fruits | ||||
| Fresh fruits | 1.7 ± 1.2¶ (2; 0-3) | 0.4 ± 0.9 (0; 0-3) | 0.6 ± 1.1 (0; 0-3) | |
| Overall fruits | 2.6 ± 1.8§ (3; 0-6) | 0.8 ± 1.1 (0; 0-3) | 0.8 ± 1.4 (0; 0-6) | |
| Vegetables | ||||
| Fresh vegetable | 1.3 ± 1.1§ (1; 0-3) | 0.4 ± 0.9 (0; 0-3) | 0.5 ± 0.9 (0; 0-3) | |
| Overall vegetables | 2.0 ± 1.4¶ (2.5; 0-4) | 0.7 ± 1.0 (0; 0-3) | 0.8 ± 1.2 (0; 0-4) | |
| Coverage - 5 mi | ||||
| Food stores | ||||
| Supermarket | 1.2 ± 1.1‡ (1; 0-3) | 0.6 ± 1.0 (0; 0-3) | 0.7 ± 1.1 (0; 0-3) | |
| Traditional | 1.7 ± 1.1¶ (2; 0-3) | 0.9 ± 1.0 (1; 0-3) | 0.9 ± 1.2 (0; 0-3) | |
| Fruits | ||||
| Fresh fruits | 1.8 ± 1.2§ (2; 0-3) | 0.8 ± 1.1 (0; 0-3) | 0.9 ± 1.3 (0; 0-3) | |
| Overall fruits | 2.7 ± 1.7§ (3; 0-6) | 1.5 ± 1.4 (1; 0-6) | 1.3 ± 1.9 (0; 0-6) | |
| Vegetables | ||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1.4 ± 1.1‡ (1; 0-3) | 0.7 ± 1.1 (0; 0-3) | 0.7 ± 1.1 ()0; 0-3) | |
| Overall vegetables | 2.3 ± 1.4¶ (3; 0-4) | 1.3 ± 1.1 (1; 0-4) | 1.3 ± 1.4 (1; 0-4) | |
| Coverage - 10 mi | ||||
| Food stores | ||||
| Supermarket | 1.5 ± 1.0 (2; 0-3) | 1.2 ± 1.0 (1; 0-3) | 1.5 ± 1.1 (1; 0-4) | |
| Traditional | 2.3 ± 1.0 (3; 0-4) | 1.7 ± 1.0 (2; 0-4) | 2.2 ± 1.3 (2; 0-5) | |
| Fruits | ||||
| Fresh fruits | 2.3 ± 1.3 (3; 0-4) | 1.7 ± 1.1 (2; 0-3) | 2.3 ± 1.3 (3; 0-4_ | |
| Overall fruits | 3.6 ± 1.8 (3; 0-7) | 3 ± 1.5 (3; 1-7) | 3.6 ± 1.9 (3; 0-8) | |
| Vegetables | ||||
| Fresh vegetables | 1.6 ± 1.0 (2; 0-3) | 1.3 ± 1.0 (1; 0-3) | 1.6 ± 1.1 (2; 0-4) | |
| Overall vegetables | 3.4 ± 1.6 (4; 0-6) | 2.8 ± 1.3 (3; 1-5) | 3.4 ± 1.5 (3; 0-6) | |
Area-level (CBG) vehicle ownership (% owner-occupied households): Low = <90.5%; medium = 90.5-95.4%; high = >95.4%. * Values calculated for each of the CBG (census block group) in the study area (n = 101). Coverage is determined by the number of food stores within a specific network-based distance. Numbers (coverage) and percentages (mean ± standard deviation, median, and range) by category of vehicle ownership
Level of statistical significance for test for trend across ordered groups of area = -level vehicle ownership: ‡p < 0.05 §p < 0.01 ¶p < 0.001