IFN-γ is critical for upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. A, MSCs were cultured with SupCD3-act pretreated with Abs to neutralize IFN-γ or TNF-α and IL-1α (20 μg/ml each). After 24 h, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for expression levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Data shown are means ± SD of a representative of five experiments. B, MSCs derived from C57BL/6, IFNγR1, and TNFαR1 mice (all in passage five) were treated with SupCD3-act (50% of total volume) for 24 h. The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in treated and control MSCs was analyzed by real-time PCR. Then the fold increase in treated MSCs was calculated compared with their respective untreated MSC controls. Data shown are means ± SD of a representative of three experiments.