Table 1.
Descriptive results of the 26 included studies
| Study and location | Study aim | Subjects | Instruments/sampling time | Time from surgery | Main physical activity outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bennett et al. [4], 2008* Northern Ireland |
To investigate wear paths and wear rates related to activity | N = 97, age 70.2 (SD 7.5) years 60% M, 40% F (THA) |
Pedometer (FitPro; Yamax, Tokyo, Japan) 14 days | 9.8 (range, 8.6–11.4) years | 4173 (SD 2329) steps/day |
| Bennett et al. [3], 2008* Northern Ireland |
To investigate the relation between walking activity and wear 10 years after THA | N = 26, age 70.9 (SD 2.9) years 50% M, 50% F (THA) N = 18, age 67.8 (SD 1.4) years 44% M, 56% F (THA) N = 29, age 72.5 (SD 1.5) years 72% M, 28% F (THA) N = 20, age 76.7 (SD 1.4) years 55% M, 45% F (THA) N = 7, age 82.9 (SD 2.1) years 43% M, 57% F (THA) |
Pedometer (FitPro) 14 days | 9.8 (SD 0.3) years 9.8 (SD 0.3) years 9.9 (SD 0.4) years 9.9 (SD 0.3) years 9.9 (SD 0.2) years |
4873 (SD 2810) steps/day 4892 (SD 3037) steps/day 3440 (SD 2023) steps/day 3428 (SD 1604) steps/day 2213 (SD 777) steps/day |
| Brandes et al. [8], 2008 Germany |
To assess the relation between quality of life and quality and quantity of gait parameters | N = 26, age 58.6 (SD 13.4) years BMI 27.6; 35% M, 65% F (KOA, HOA) |
Accelerometer (StepWatch Activity Monitor; Cyma Inc, Seattle, WA) 7 days Accelerometer (DynaPort; McRoberts, The Hague, The Netherlands) 1 day |
Preoperative | 9564 (SD 4232) steps/day 10.5% locomotion, 32.6% standing, 43.9% sitting, 12.5% lying |
| Cukras et al. [13], 2007 Poland |
To determine PA in patients undergoing THA compared with control subjects | N = 69, age 70.4 (SD 7.8) years 41% M, 59% F (THA) |
Questionnaire (PAR) | 27 months | F: 267.6 (SD 43.7) kcal/kg/week (total EE) M: 257.6 (SD 36.1) kcal/kg/week (total EE) |
| deGroot et al. [16], 2008 The Netherlands |
To determine actual PA in patients with osteoarthritis compared with control subjects | N = 36. age 61.5 (SD 12.8) years BMI 26.6; 46% M, 54% F (HOA/THA) N = 44, age 62.1 (SD 9.7) years BMI 32.1; 36% M, 64% F (KOA/TKA) |
Accelerometer (Activity Monitor; Temec Instr, Kerkrade, The Netherlands) 2 days Questionnaire (PASIPD) |
Preoperative, 3 and 6 months | Walking, cycling, and general movement in THA: 125 (SD 58) minutes/day (preoperative) 131 (SD 56) minutes/day (3 months) 132 (SD 53) minutes/day (6 months) Walking, cycling, and general movement in TKA: 117 (SD 55) minutes/day (preoperative) 129 (SD 59) minutes/day (3 months) 131 (SD 53) minutes/day (6 months) |
| deGroot et al. [17], 2008 The Netherlands |
To determine actual PA in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis compared with control subjects | N = 40, age 61.4 (SD 12.2) years BMI 26.6; 40% M, 60% F (HOA) N = 44, age 62.1 (SD 9.9) years BMI 32.1; 46% M, 54% F (KOA) |
Accelerometer (Activity Monitor) 2 days | Preoperative | Walking, cycling, and general movement in HOA: 127 (SD 60) minutes/day Walking, cycling, and general movement in KOA: 117 (SD 58) minutes/day |
| Feller et al. [23], 1994 United Kingdom |
To investigate the effect of PA on wear production | N = 79, age 56 (range, 20–75) years BMI 26.1; 40% M, 60% F (THA) |
Questionnaire (Activity questionnaire) | 10.3 (range, 8.3–16.3) years | 20,638 (R 984 to 67,408) meter/y (sliding distance) |
| Goldsmith et al. [29], 2001 United Kingdom |
To compare walking activity between THA and control subjects | N = 63, age 58.4 (range, 20–75) years 52% M, 48% F (THA) |
Pedometer (not specified) 14–28 days | 14.2 (range, 0.9–26.4) years | Steps = 12,863 – 89.4 x age (THA) |
| Goldsmith et al. [28], 2001 United Kingdom |
To investigate the relation between PA and cup penetration after THA | N = 54, age 57.7 (range, 17–73) years 46%F, 54% M (THA) |
Pedometer (not specified) | 13.1 (range, 1.3–26.4) years | 7815 (range, 1000–24,579) steps/day |
| Heisel et al. [34], 2004 California |
To determine the short-term in vivo wear of a moderately cross-linked polyethylene | N = 24, age 74 (SD 9.9) years BMI 27.3; 46% M, 54% F (THA-Enduron; DePuy) N = 34, age 60 (SD 14) years BMI 30.9; 32% M, 68% F (THA-Marathon; DePuy) |
Accelerometer (StepWatch Activity Monitor) | 23 months (Enduron) 33 months (Marathon) |
10,740 (SD 4602) steps/day (Enduron) 10,795 (SD 6575) steps/day (Marathon) |
| Heisel et al. [35], 2008 Germany |
To investigate running-in (ion concentrations) of metal-on-metal implants | N = 15, age 51 (range, 31–61) years BMI 28; 47% M, 53% F (THA) |
Accelerometer (not specified, probably StepWatch Activity Monitor) 10–14 days | 1 year | 11,945 (range, 5534–17,589) steps/day |
| Jones et al. [38], 2004 Pennsylvania |
To investigate if PA is a risk factor for THA revision | N = 52 (2 × 26), age 70.5 (SD 8.9) years BMI 30.3; 35% M, 65% F (TKA/TKA revision) |
Questionnaires (MAQ, Yale) | 6.4 years | 3792 (SD 3552) MET/minute/week (total historical EE) (TKA) 3048 (SD 2076) MET/minute/week (total historical EE) (TKA revision) |
| McClung et al. [47], 2000 California |
To investigate the relation between PA and BMI in patients undergoing TJA | N = 127, age 57.7 (SD 13.3) years BMI 25.7; 58% M, 42% F (THA) N = 24, age 62.1 (SD 11.8) years BMI 29.3; 33% M, 67% F (TKA) |
Pedometer (not specified, probably Sportline, Yonkers, NY) 7 days | Not specified | 5869 (SD 3564) steps/day (THA) 4597 (SD 2889) steps/day (TKA) |
| Naal et al. [51], 2009 Switzerland |
To assess the validity of different activity rating scales | N = 105, age 63.4 (SD 11.0) years BMI 26.3; 54% M, 46% F (HOA) N = 100, age 66.5 (SD 9.1) years BMI 28.1; 39% M, 61% F (KOA) |
Questionnaire (IPAQ) | Preoperative | 3690 (SD 5,68) MET/minute/week (HOA) 4623 (SD 6508) MET/minute/week (KOA) |
| Ono et al. [54], 2007 Japan |
To assess the reliability and validity of the Baecke Activity Questionnaire | N = 61, age 53.3 (SD 11.3) years BMI 22 (HOA) |
Accelerometer/Pedometer (Lifecorder; Suzuken Co, Nagoya, Japan) 3–7 days Questionnaire (Baecke) |
Preoperative | 6309 (SD 2392) steps/day |
| Schmalzried et al. [60], 1998 California |
To quantify walking activity in patients undergoing TJA | N = 111, age 59 (range, 23–82) years 51% M, 49% F (TJA) |
Pedometer (Sportline) 15 days | > 6 months | 4988 (SD 3040) steps/s |
| Schmalzried et al. [59], 2000 California |
To investigate the association between activity and wear | N = 31, age 72 (range, 46–85) years BMI 27.5; 45% M, 55% F (THA) |
Pedometer (Sportline) Accelerometer (StepWatch Activity Monitor) |
4.5 (range, 3–6.2) years | 6795 (SD 3762) steps/day (pedometer) 10,550 (SD 4416) steps/day (accelerometer) |
| Sechriest et al. [62], 2007* Minnesota |
To investigate the association between activity and wear | N = 34, age 50.3 (SD 6.5) years BMI 29.1; 50% M, 50% F (THA) |
Pedometer (Sportline) | 6.3 (SD 1.2) years | 6575 (SD 2192) steps/day |
| Silva et al. [64], 2002 California |
To compare pedometers and accelerometers in patients undergoing THA | N = 33, age 71.5 (SD 9.7) years BMI 27.5; 42% M, 58% F (THA) |
Pedometer (Sportline) 4 days Accelerometer (StepWatch Activity Monitor) 4 days |
> 2 years | 6878 (SD 3736) steps/day (pedometer) 10,438 (SD 4388) steps/day (accelerometer) |
| Silva et al. [63], 2005 California |
To compare 4-day and 7-day durations of pedometer sampling | N = 131, age 57.6 (SD 12.8) years 56% M, 44% F (TJA) |
Pedometer (Sportline) 7–123 days | > 4 months | 5737 (SD 1650) steps/day |
| Wagenmakers et al. [73], 2008 The Netherlands |
To assess habitual PA and compare with normative data | N = 273, age 62.7 (SD 13.7) years 39% M, 61% F (THA) |
Questionnaire (SQUASH) | > 39 (range, 17–78) months | 1003 minutes/week (light activity) 381 minutes/week (moderate activity) 218 minutes/week (vigorous activity) |
| Wagenmakers et al. [72], 2008 The Netherlands |
To investigate if the WOMAC can predict the amount of PA after THA | N = 364, age 64.4 (SD 13.7) years 38% M, 62% F (THA) |
Questionnaire (SQUASH) | > 1 year | 948 minutes/week (light activity) 341 minutes/week (moderate activity) 210 minutes/week (vigorous activity) |
| Walker et al. [74], 2002 United Kingdom |
To quantify the increase in ambulation after TKA | N = 19, age 69 years 47% M, 53% F (TKA) |
Accelerometer (Numact Activity Monitor; Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK) 1 day | Preoperative, 3 and 6 months | 10,738 steps/day 12,358 steps/day 15,641 steps/day |
| Wallbridge & Dowson [75], 1982 United Kingdom |
To assess the number of steps in patients undergoing TJA | N = 10, age 65.4 (SD 11) years (TJA) | Pedometer (not specified) | 3–5 years | 7950 (SD 1957) steps/day |
| Wollmerstedt et al. [81], 2006* Germany |
To develop and validate a PA questionnaire | N = 75, age 70 (SD 7) years 48% M, 52% F (THA) N = 59, age 58 (SD 9) years 50% M, 50% F (THA) N = 26, age 64 (SD 8) years 50% M, 50% F (HOA) |
Accelerometer (StepWatch Activity Monitor) Questionnaires (TWB, FFKA) |
10 years 5 years Preoperative |
10,420 (SD 1957) steps/day (10 years) 13,108 (SD 4824) steps/day (5 years) 9934 (SD 4308) steps/day (preoperative) |
| Zahiri et al. [84], 1998 California |
To validate the UCLA activity scale | N = 100, age 58.6 (R 23 to 82) years (THA) | Pedometer (Sportline) | > 6 months | 5,78 (range, 395–17,718) steps/day |
* Additional information supplied by the authors. Data reported in the original studies as number of cycles/year were transformed in steps/day; PA = physical activity; TJA = total joint arthroplasty (THA, TKA); HOA = hip osteoarthritis; KOA = knee osteoarthritis; BMI = body mass index (kg/m2); F = female; M = male; PAR = Physical Activity Recall; PASIPD = Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities; MAQ = Modifiable Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire; SQUASH = Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity; TWB = Täglicher Würzburger Bewegungsaktivitätsfragebogen; FFKA = Freiburger Fragebogen zur körperlichen Aktivitiät; Yale = Yale Physical Activity Survey; EE = energy expenditure.