Mikton C. Grounds A. 2007 |
Vignette 1 (BPD): no sig diff in diagnosis PD. Vignette 2 (ASPD): More Caucasian than afro-Caribbean diagnosed ASPD (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5-4.4, p = 0.0006) or with any PD (OR 2.7, 1.6-4.7, p = 0.0002). Clinicians 2.8 (1.6-5.0 p < 0.001) times more likely to attribute any PD to Caucasian than afro-Caribbean. Non-white clinicians are 2.2 (1.1-4.6 p = 0.04) times more likely than white clinicians to attribute a diagnosis of any PD to vignette II |
Not real pts - hypothetical examples |
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Al-Saffar S. Borga P. Wicks S. Hallstrom T. 2004 |
PD related to Swedish origin OR 2.16, CI 1.51-3.09, p = 0.05. |
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Castaneda R. Franco H. 1985 |
Females at least 3 times more likely than males to have BPD, except in Hispanic population where no diff found. Black: t = 2.57 df 23 p < 0.02. White: t = 2.72 df 39 p < 0.01. More Hispanic men were diagnosed with BPD than white or black men (x2 = 4.39, df 1, p < 0.05). No sig diff among females of diff ethnic grps. No sig diff among ethnic grps overall |
101/1583 inpatient sample had PD: White 41/101 (40.6%) Black 25/101 (24.8%) Hispanic 34/101 (33.7%) Other 1/101 (0.9%) In each population: White 41/577 (7.1%) Black 25/558 (4.5%) Hispanic 34/402 (8.5%) Other 1/46 (2.2%) |
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Tyrer P. Merson S. Onyett S. Johnson T. 1994 |
63% Caucasian patients diagnosed with PD compared to only 25% of other races (mostly Afro-Caribbean) x2 12.4, df 1, p < 0.001 OR 0.2 (0.07-0.6) |
63% Caucasian patients diagnosed with PD compared to only 25% of other races (mostly Afro-Caribbean) x2 = 12.4, df 1, p < 0.001 OR 0.2 (0.07-0.6) |
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Trestman RL. Ford J. Zhang W. Wiesbrock V. 2007 |
No significant differences between race in ASPD or BPD. Hispanic men (56.7%) were more likely to meet the criteria for Cluster B diagnosis than white (39.7%) or black (37.7%) men (x2 = 7.18, 2 df, p < 0.05) Hispanic men more likely to ASPD (53.7%) than white (35.7%) or black (35.5%) (x2 = 7.18, 2 df, p < 0.05) |
Axis II disorder: White 5.1% (12/218) Black 5.7% (10/177) Hispanic 11% (12/110) ASPD: White 30.7% Black 32.4% Hispanic 45.9% BPD: White 20.3% Black 11.6% Hispanic 17.4% |
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Maden A. Friendship T. McClintock T. Rutter S. 1999 |
White patients had a higher incidence of PD compared to black patients (22% vs 6% OR = 4.52 95% CI 1.79-11.4 no p value given, although discussed as statistically significant) |
In ethnic pop: White 28/125 (22% of white pop) Black 6/100 (6% of black pop) With PD: White 28/34 (82.4%) Black 6/34 (17.6%) In sample: White 28/225 (12.4%) Black 6/225 (2.7%) Overall 34/225 (15.1%) |
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Coid J. Petruckevitch A. Bebbington P. Brugha T. Bhugra D. et al 2002 |
For any PD, black men had a lower risk than white men in unadjusted analyses: OR 0.67 (0.51-0.88) p = 0.004. These findings are not sustained in adjusted analyses. South Asian men similarly had a lower risk than whites (OR 0.54 (0.33-0.87) p = 0.012) respectively. Conversely, more women prisoners received a diagnosis of PD than white females (adjusted OR 2.31 (1.27-4.2) p = 0.006) |
Raw figures not provided, only calculated ORs |
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Coid J. Petruckevitch A. Bebbington P. Brugha T. Bhugra D. et al 2002 |
Black people with PD less likely to have had prior treatment than white people. White pop more likely to have PD: Black men OR 0.49 (0.27-0.9) p = 0.022 Black women OR 0.13 (0.05-0.34) p < 0.001. White women were more likely to have the following PDs compared with black women: OCD, Paranoid, Schizotypal, BPD and Antisocial PD |
Raw figures not provided, only calculated ORs |
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Coid J. Kahtan N. Gault S. Jarman B. 2000 |
For any PD, black patients had less risk than whites (OR 0.22 (0.15-0.31) p < 0.001), Asians also had lower risk OR 0.1 (0.03-0.41) [p < 0.001] |
In ethnic pop: White 452/2224 (20%) Black 33/628 (5%) Asian 2/80 (3%) With PD: White 452/487 (92.8%) Black 33/487 (6.8%) Asian 2/487 (0.4%) Entire sample: White 452/2932 (15.4%) Black 33/2932 (0.01%) Asian 2/2932 (0.06%) |
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Coid J. Kahtan N. Gault S. Jarman B. 1999 |
Patients w PD more likely to be Caucasian (470/511 92%) than were those with mental illness (1833/2575 71%) OR 4.62, 3.32-6.43 p < 0.001. Afro-Caribbean mentally ill (615/2575 24%) compared w PD (33/511 6%) OR 4.55, 3.16-6.55 p < 0.001. Pts w PD more likely to be UK-born than those w mental illness (488 95% vs 2137 83%) OR 4.34, 2.82-6.68 p < 0.001 |
With PD: White 470/511 (92%) Afro-Caribbean 33/511 (6%) |
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Bender DS. Skodol AE. Dyck IR. Markowitz JC. Shea MT. et al 2007 |
Baseline data: African American (OR 0.22, 0.07-0.7) & Hispanic (OR 0.47, 0.09-0.96) less likely to received psychosocial Rx of any type in lifetime compared to white p = 0.0206, or received psychotropic med (AA OR 0.35, 0.02-0.71. His OR 0.37, 0.16-0.83. p < 0.01) & White pts w BPD more wks psychiatric hospitalisation p = 0.01 |
With PD: White 396/548 (72.3%) African American 78/548 (14.2%) Hispanic 74/548 (13.5%) |
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Chavira DA. Grilo CM. Shea T. Yen S. Gunderson JG. et al 2003 |
Hispanics had disproportionately more BPD than Caucasians (p < 0.001) and African Americans (p < 0.01). For STPD, African Americans had disproportionately more diagnoses than Caucasians (p < 0.05 and Hispanics (p < 0.05. No sig diff for AVPD or OCPD |
With PD: 433/554 White (78.2%) 65/554 African American (11.7%) 56/554 Hispanic (10.1%) |
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Iwamasa GY. Larrabee AL. Merritt RD. 2000 |
Results suggest PD criteria were distributed systematically such that PD diagnosis were applied to certain ethnic grps. African American given Antisocial & paranoid PDs. Schizoid PD applied to Asian Americans. Schizotypal PD applied to Native Americans. All other PDs were applied to European Americans (BPD, Dependant, Narcissistic, & Obsessive-Compulsive). All p < 0.001. |
Not real pts - hypothetical examples |
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Huang B. Grant BF. Dawson DA. Stinson FS. Chou SP. Et al 2006 |
Native Americans had the highest prevalence of PD, and Asians the lowest (see prevalence). Association between PD and Alcohol and Drug were positive & sig (except for Drugs & PD in Asians). This is true of unadjusted and adjusted (for age, income marital status, religion, sex, & urban city) ORs. Associations btwn alcohol & PD (1.7-5.0) were generally lower than between drugs & PD (2.1-6.3) |
Prevalence captured in weighted % White 14.6% Black 16.6% (significant differences compared with White p < 0.05) Native American 24.1% (significant differences when White & black were compared, at p < 0.05). Asian 10.1% (significantly different from White, Black & N. Americans, at p < 0.05). Hispanic 14% (significantly different from other 4 ethnicities p < 0.05) |
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Compton WM. Cottler LB. Abdallah AR. Phelps DL. Spitznagel EL. & Horton JC. 2000 |
Antisocial PD present in 44% of respondents with drug dependence: 49% African American males, 26% African American females. 52% White males, 39% White females. The difference between race and PD w drug dependence was not sig. (i.e. p > 0.05). However, White race was associated with higher rates of generalised anxiety disorder than African Americans (p < 0.05) 6% African American men vs 15% White men & 7% African American women vs 16% White women |
Antisocial PD within ethnic pop: 109/258 African American (42%) 77/167 Caucasian (46%) Antisocial PD: African American 109/186 (58.6%) Caucasian 77/186 (41.4%) Total sample: African American 109/425 (25.6%) Caucasian 77/425 (18.1%) |