Table 4.
Results of analyses looking at sources of heterogeneity
| Study characteristics | No. of studies |
Odds Ratio of PD in black compared to white groups (95% CI) |
Heterogeneity (I2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geographical area: US | 42378 | 0.872 (0.634 - 1.199) | 74.925 |
| Geographical area: UK | 3145 | 0.214 (0.167 - 0.274) | 0.00 |
| Clinical setting: health service | 51-5 | 0.357 (0.188 - 0.677) | 89.919 |
| Clinical setting: secure inpatient | 3145 | 0.214 (0.167 - 0.274) | 0.00 |
| Clinical setting: non-secure health service | 223 | 0.755 (0.551 - 1.035) | 2.201 |
| Clinical setting: prison | 17 | 0.759 (0.510 - 1.131) | 0.00 |
| Clinical setting: community | 18 | 1.164 (1.087 - 1.245) | 0.00 |
| Interview schedule | 3278 | 1.140 (1.067 - 1.218) fixed effects | 68.815 |
| No interview schedule | 413-5 | 0.281 (0.169 - 0.467) random effects | 77.274 |
| Diagnosis: ASPD | 227 | 0.948 (0.710 - 1.265) | 0.00 |
| Diagnosis: BPD | 237 | 0.575 (0.394 - 0.840) | 0.00 |
| Diagnosis: ASPD and BPD | 247 | 0.405 (0.119 - 1.381) | 95.140 |
| Co-morbidity | 512457 | 0.381 (0.190 - 0.764) | 92.288 |
| No co-morbidity | 3378 | 0.789 (0.432 - 1.441) | 76.81 |