Representative 1H-MR spectrum from rat heart tissue of saline treated animals. The spectral trace around 3.2 ppm is expanded in the insets (carnitine is the leftmost peak, next to choline). Inset A is an expanded spectral trace from an MDMA-treated animal (left) compared to a saline-treated animal (right). Inset B is the expanded spectral trace from an intact cardiac tissue sample (left) compared to the LCModel trace (right) used for quantitation. Abbreviations: alanine = ALA, carnitine = CAR, choline = CHO, creatine = CRE, glutamate = GLU, glutamine = GLN, lactate = LAC, succinate = SUC, taurine = TAU.