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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jun 9.
Published in final edited form as: NMR Biomed. 2009 May;22(4):419–425. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1352

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Energy pathways in cardiomyocytes. Multiple metabolic pathways provide adequate energy sources for cardiac requirements: Glycolysis, anaerobic metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and the creatine energy buffer system (compartmentalization not shown). MR-visible metabolites are shown in bold font and include lactate, alanine, succinate, glutamate, glutamine, carnitine, and creatine. MDMA-induced changes in metabolite levels are shown in parentheses: ↑ = significant increase and ↔ = no change.