Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Health Care Utilization Among Individuals With a Diagnosis of Depression Compared With Individuals With No Diagnosis of Depression, and Their Association With a Diagnosis of Depressiona
| Characteristic | Depression Cohort (n=47,170) | Comparison Cohort (n=50,000) | Odds Ratiob | 95% CI |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 17,667 (37.5) | 18,728 (37.5) | NAc | NAc |
| Female | 29,503 (62.5) | 31,272 (62.5) | NAc | NAc |
| Calendar year | ||||
| 2002 | 15,659 (33.2) | 14,769 (29.5) | NAc | NAc |
| 2003 | 17,356 (36.8) | 16,368 (32.7) | NAc | NAc |
| 2004 | 16,985 (36.0) | 16,033 (32.1) | NAc | NAc |
| Age, y | ||||
| 10–19 | 3,999 (8.5) | 4,242 (8.5) | NAc | NAc |
| 20–39 | 19,279 (40.9) | 20,431 (40.9) | NAc | NAc |
| 40–59 | 16,256 (34.5) | 17,232 (34.5) | NAc | NAc |
| 60–79 | 7,636 (16.2) | 8,095 (16.2) | NAc | NAc |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| 13–19 | 2,909 (6.2) | 3,196 (6.4) | 1.10 | 1.04–1.17 |
| 20–24 | 15,022 (31.8) | 14,113 (0.0) | 1 | … |
| 25–29 | 11,343 (24.0) | 11,041 (28.2) | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 |
| ≥30 | 6,304 (13.4) | 6,935 (22.1) | 1.07 | 1.03–1.12 |
| Unknown | 11,885 (25.2) | 14,422 (13.9) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 |
| Alcohol use (units/wk) | ||||
| No use | 15,274 (32.4) | 14,729 (29.5) | 1 | … |
| 1–15 | 17,060 (36.2) | 18,412 (36.8) | 0.91 | 0.88–0.94 |
| <43 | 3,359 (7.1) | 3,352 (6.7) | 0.91 | 0.86–0.96 |
| ≥43 | 553 (1.2) | 350 (0.7) | 1.21 | 1.05–1.40 |
| Unknown | 10,924 (23.2) | 13,157 (26.3) | 1.00 | 0.95–1.06 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmokers | 20,660 (43.8) | 25,628 (51.3) | 1 | … |
| Smokers | 14,777 (31.3) | 10,729 (21.5) | 1.67 | 1.62–1.73 |
| Ex-smokers | 5,700 (12.1) | 5,061 (10.1) | 1.19 | 1.13–1.24 |
| Unknown | 6,033 (12.8) | 8,582 (17.2) | 1.11 | 1.06–1.15 |
| Primary care physician visitsd | ||||
| 0–2 | 9,902 (21.0) | 20,283 (40.6) | 1 | … |
| 3–10 | 23,296 (49.4) | 22,966 (45.9) | 2.01 | 1.95–2.08 |
| ≥11 | 13,972 (29.6) | 6,751 (13.5) | 4.03 | 3.87–4.20 |
| Referrals/hospitald | ||||
| No | 24,343 (51.60) | 33,851 (67.7) | 1 | … |
| Yes | 22,827 (48.4) | 16,149 (32.3) | 1.32 | 1.28–1.36 |
| Psychotherapyd | ||||
| No | 47,057 (99.8) | 49,989 (100.0) | 1 | … |
| Yes | 113 (0.2) | 11 (0.0) | 6.70 | 3.54–12.69 |
a
Data are presented as n (%).
b
Odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, smoking, primary care physician visits, stress, and sleep and anxiety disorders.
c
Not applicable due to the matched design.
d
Health care contacts in the year before the index date.
Symbol: …=no data.