Table 2.

Prior Comorbidity Among Individuals With a Diagnosis of Depression Compared With Individuals With No Diagnosis of Depression, and Their Association With a Diagnosis of Depression^a

Variable	Depression Cohort (n=47,170)	Comparison Cohort (n=50,000)	Odds Ratiob	95% CI
Cardiovascular
Ischemic heart disease	2,320 (4.9)	1,678 (3.4)	1.07	1.00–1.15
Cerebrovascular disease	1,346 (2.9)	904 (1.8)	1.26	1.15–1.38
Atrial fibrillation	619 (1.3)	428 (0.9)	1.11	0.97–1.27
Heart failure	473 (1.0)	264 (0.5)	1.28	1.09–1.51
Psychological
Stress	6,380 (13.5)	2,034 (4.1)	2.85	2.70–3.01
Sleep disorder	4,828 (10.2)	1,893 (3.8)	2.11	1.99–2.23
Anxiety disorder	7,552 (16.0)	2,969 (5.9)	2.31	2.21–2.42
Addiction problems	2,329 (4.9)	1,059 (2.1)	1.68	1.55–1.81
Digestive
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	4,568 (9.7)	3,215 (6.4)	1.16	1.10–1.22
Irritable bowel syndrome	3,202 (6.8)	2,311 (4.6)	1.11	1.05–1.18
Dyspepsia	7,098 (15.0)	5,125 (10.3)	1.13	1.08–1.17
Peptic ulcer	1,562 (3.3)	1,081 (2.2)	1.19	1.09–1.30
Respiratory
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	993 (2.1)	548 (1.1)	1.32	1.18–1.47
Asthma	7,924 (16.8)	6,611 (13.2)	1.12	1.08–1.16
Pain
General pain	37,239 (78.9)	33,546 (67.1)	1.28	1.24–1.32
Low back pain	12,131 (25.7)	9,421 (18.8)	1.14	1.10–1.18
Migraine	4,155 (8.8)	3,110 (6.2)	1.22	1.15–1.28
Other
Cancer	2,279 (4.8)	1,709 (3.4)	1.19	1.11–1.28
Chronic liver disease	223 (0.5)	100 (0.2)	1.60	1.25–2.05
Subanalysis in women
Pregnancyc	2,993 (10.1)	1,600 (5.1)	1.43	1.33–1.53

^aData are presented as n (%).

^bOdds ratios adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, smoking, primary care physician visits, stress, and sleep and anxiety disorders.

^cIn the year before the index date. Depression cohort: n=29,503; comparison cohort: n=31,272.