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. 2010 Jun 7;207(6):1321–1332. doi: 10.1084/jem.20092253

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© 2010 Feng et al.

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Figure 7. — Two-hit model of the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of colitis. (1) Microbiota stimulates intestinal innate cell IL-6 production through TLR–TLR ligand interactions. IL-6, and probably other factors, promotes spontaneous proliferation of T cells, which are in T0 status and do not produce effector cytokines. (2) Once T0 cells encounter their cognate microbiota antigen, they will proliferate in a TCR-dependent matter and differentiate into effector T cells, which produce effector cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 locally in the colon and induce inflammation.