Table 2. Family history of cancer and risk of renal cell carcinoma, stratified by race.
|
All participantsa
|
Caucasian participantsb
|
African-American participantsb
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cases
|
Controls
|
Cases
|
Controls
|
Cases
|
Controls
|
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| N | %c | N | %c | OR | 95% CI | N | %c | N | %c | OR | 95% CI | N | %c | N | %c | OR | 95% CI | P-valued | |
| Family history of kidney cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| At least one first-degree relative with kidney cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 90.8 | 566 | 95.6 | 1.00 | 334 | 90.8 | 278 | 94.6 | 1.00 | 183 | 90.8 | 288 | 97.6 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 52 | 9.2 | 24 | 4.4 | 2.29 | (1.31–4.00) | 33 | 9.2 | 15 | 5.4 | 1.98 | (0.99–4.03) | 19 | 9.2 | 9 | 2.4 | 3.96 | (1.45–10.84) | 0.34 |
| At least one parent with kidney cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 94.2 | 566 | 95.9 | 1.00 | 334 | 94.6 | 278 | 95.0 | 1.00 | 183 | 93.4 | 288 | 97.9 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 33 | 5.8 | 22 | 4.1 | 1.45 | (0.77–2.72) | 19 | 5.4 | 14 | 5.0 | 1.13 | (0.50–2.58) | 14 | 6.6 | 8 | 2.1 | 2.98 | (1.06–8.37) | 0.19 |
| At least one sibling with kidney cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 94.3 | 566 | 98.1 | 1.00 | 334 | 94.0 | 278 | 98.1 | 1.00 | 183 | 95.0 | 288 | 98.2 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 29 | 5.7 | 10 | 1.9 | 3.09 | (1.33–7.20) | 20 | 6.0 | 5 | 1.9 | 3.54 | (1.18–10.62) | 9 | 5.0 | 5 | 1.8 | 2.42 | (0.61–9.60) | 0.63 |
| Family history of non-renal cancers | |||||||||||||||||||
| At least one first-degree relative with cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 43.9 | 566 | 43.1 | 1.00 | 334 | 40.2 | 278 | 38.9 | 1.00 | 183 | 54.6 | 288 | 55.0 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 636 | 56.1 | 633 | 56.9 | 0.97 | (0.79–1.19) | 484 | 59.8 | 413 | 61.1 | 0.95 | (0.75–1.21) | 152 | 45.4 | 220 | 45.0 | 1.03 | (0.76–1.41) | 0.57 |
| At least one parent with cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 51.1 | 566 | 50.0 | 1.00 | 334 | 46.7 | 278 | 45.2 | 1.00 | 183 | 63.9 | 288 | 63.2 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 479 | 48.9 | 478 | 50.0 | 0.93 | (0.75–1.15) | 376 | 53.3 | 322 | 54.8 | 0.92 | (0.71–1.18) | 103 | 36.1 | 156 | 36.8 | 0.95 | (0.68–1.32) | 0.88 |
| At least one sibling with cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 64.7 | 566 | 64.1 | 1.00 | 334 | 62.0 | 278 | 60.3 | 1.00 | 183 | 71.3 | 288 | 73.4 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 269 | 35.3 | 265 | 35.9 | 0.98 | (0.74–1.30) | 195 | 38.0 | 166 | 39.7 | 0.93 | (0.68–1.28) | 74 | 28.7 | 99 | 26.6 | 1.16 | (0.75–1.79) | 0.36 |
| At least one offspring with cancer | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 517 | 94.6 | 566 | 93.7 | 1.00 | 334 | 92.7 | 278 | 91.8 | 1.00 | 183 | 99.0 | 288 | 97.7 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 26 | 5.4 | 31 | 6.3 | 0.83 | (0.47–1.48) | 24 | 7.3 | 25 | 8.2 | 0.88 | (0.48–1.62) | 2 | 1.0 | 6 | 2.3 | 0.46 | (0.04–5.77) | 0.52 |
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; OR=odds ratio.
a
Adjusted for age at reference date, sex, study center, smoking status, history of hypertension, body mass index, education, family size, and race.
b
Adjusted for age at reference date, sex, study center, smoking status, history of hypertension, body mass index, education, and family size.
c
A sample-weighted frequency distribution.
d
Interaction P-value using a t-test.
The ‘No’ variable for all exposure–response groups represents participants with no familial history of cancer (or kidney cancer) among first-degree relatives.
Analysis for at least one offspring with kidney cancer was not calculated due to small numbers (four cases, one control).