Table 2.
Pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of renal cell cancer associated with categories of intakes of fruit and vegetables
| Intake (g/d) | P values, test for trend | P values, test for between-studies heterogeneity* | P values, test for between- studies heterogeneity due to sex* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fruit and vegetables | <200 | 200–<300 | 300–<400 | 400–<500 | 500–<600 | ≥ 600 | |||
| No. of cases (W, M) | (124, 162) | (114, 141) | (112, 157) | (101, 112) | (80, 82) | (178, 115) | |||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | 0.78 (0.63–0.96) | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) | 0.71 (0.56–0.89) | 0.001 | .85 | .90 |
| Multivariate † | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.70–1.00) | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.79 (0.64–0.98) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.68 (0.54–0.87) | 0.001 | .86 | .97 |
| Total fruit | <100 | 100–<200 | 200–<300 | 300–<400 | ≥ 400 | ||||
| No. of cases (W, M) | (130, 208) | (173, 223) | (155, 150) | (109, 90) | (142, 98) | ||||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | .02 | .96 | .87 | |
| Multivariate † | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | .03 | .95 | .78 | |
| Total vegetables | <100 | 100–<200 | 200–<300 | 300–<400‡ | ≥ 400‡,§ | ||||
| No. of cases (W, M) | (189, 203) | (256, 305) | (143, 171) | (73, 55) | (46, 35) | ||||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) | 0.78 (0.53–1.15) | .15 | .12 | .75 | |
| Multivariate † | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | .07 | .12 | .58 | |
For the highest category.
Multivariable models were adjusted for history of hypertension (yes/no), body mass index (continuous), pack-years of smoking (continuous), combination of parity and age at first birth (age at first birth < 25 and parity of 1 or 2; age at first birth ≥ 25 years and parity of 1 or 2, or nulliparous; age at first birth <25 years and parity of ≥ 3; and age at first birth ≥ 25 years and parity of ≥ 3), alcohol intake (continuous), and total energy intake (continuous). Age and year of questionnaire return were adjusted as stratification variables.
The Netherlands Cohort Study-women did not include any cases with ≥300g/d of total vegetable intake. The participants in this category in these studies were included in the next highest category.
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, and the Swedish Mammography Cohort did not include any cases with ≥ 400g/d of total vegetable intake. The participants in the highest categories in these studies were included in the next highest category.