Table 1. Diagnostic testing with dip sticks.
Source | Bacterial count cfu/mL | Prevalence | n | Test | Sens % | Spec % | PPV % | NPV % | LR + | LR – | Comments |
McIsaac (15) | >102 | 63% | 331 | Ni | 36 | 89 | 85 | 45 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 10% with discharge |
Le | 84 | 45 | 72 | 63 | 1.5 | 0.35 | |||||
Grude 2005 (e11) | >104 | 76% | 184 | Le | 94 | 9 | 86 | 20 | 1.0 | 0.6 | |
Ni | 57 | 78 | 94 | 23 | 2.6 | 0.5 | |||||
Winkens (24) | > 105 | 62 % | 268 | Ni | 42 | 95 | 93 | 50 | 8.4 | 0.6 | 17% men |
Verest 2000 (e12) | > 105 | 58 % | 292 | Le | 88 | 37 | 63 | 71 | 1.4 | 0.3 | |
Ni | 53 | 95 | 93 | 59 | 10.6 | 0.5 | |||||
Ni +Le neg | 81 | ||||||||||
Deville (e13) | k.A | k.A | Ni | 53 | 88 | 4.4 |
|
||||
Le | 87 | 36 | 1.3 | ||||||||
Ni + Le pos | 90 | 65 | 2.5 | ||||||||
Heckerling 2007 (e9) | >105 | 26 % | 212 | Ni | 1.5 |
|
|||||
Le | 1.5 | ||||||||||
Semeniuk 1999 (e14) | > 104 | 19 % | 479 | Ni | 43 | 97 | 75 | 88 | 14 | Inclusion criteria unclear | |
Le | 84 | 59 | 19 | 97 | 2 | ||||||
Ni + Le pos | 84 | 98 | 84 | 98 | 42 | ||||||
Little (8) | > 103 | 62.5 % | 427 | Blut | 93 | 34 | 70 | 73 | 1.4 | 0.22 | Presence of vaginal discharge led to exclusion |
Le | 89 | 52 | 75 | 72 | 2.58 | 0.33 | |||||
Ni + Le pos | 26 | 97 | 93 | 44 | 8.0 | 0.77 | |||||
Hummers-Pradier (20) | > 102 | 77 % | 445 | Ni | 39 | 88 | 92 | 29 | 3.3 | 0.7 | Complicated UTI excluded |
Le | 72 | 46 | 83 | 31 | 1.3 | 0.6 | |||||
Ni +Le pos | 35 | 88 | 91 | 27 | 2.9 | 0.7 |
Overview of studies for the diagnosis of a urinary tract infection; inclusion criteria: primary care setting; reason for consultation: women with symptoms when passing water; comparison with urine culture as gold standard; sens, sensitivity; spec, specificity; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; LR, likelihood ratio; Le, leukocyte esterase; Ni, nitrite. Missing values are either not given in the sources or cannot be calculated from the available data.