. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Horm Behav. 2009 Sep 18;58(1):111–121. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.006

Table 1.

Individuals Meeting DSM Criteria for Substance Dependence in Eight Field Studies of AAS Users

Study	Location	Instrument	Criteria	AAS Users^a	AAS Dependence, N (%)^a
Brower et al., 1991	USA	Questionnaire	DSM-III-R	49 M	28 (57)
Gridley & Hanrahan, 1994	Australia	Questionnaire	DSM-IV	21 M	12 (57)
Pope & Katz, 1994	USA	SCID^b	DSM-III-R	88 M	22 (25)
Malone et al., 1995	USA	SCID^b	DSM-III-R	71 M, 6 F	10 M, 1 F (14% overall)
Midgley et al., 1999	England	Semi-structured interview	DSM-III-R	50 M	13 (26)
Copeland et al., 2000	Australia	Semi-structured interview	DSM-IV	94 M, 6 F	21 M, 2 F (23% overall)
Perry et al., 2005	USA	Internet survey	DSM-IV	206 M	68 (33)
Kanayama et al., 2009b	USA	Semi-structured interview	DSM-IV^c	62 M	20 (32)

Total				641 M, 12 F	194 M, 3 F (30% overall)

Gender distribution obtained from published papers and from Perry, PJ, personal communication, October, 2008, and Malone, DA, personal communication, January, 2009.

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R.

Modified DSM-IV criteria adapted for diagnosing AAS dependence (see Kanayama et al., 2009a).