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IN CpG inhibited Th2-associated cytokine levels in a TLR9-dependent manner in chronic fungal asthma. ELISA or Bio-Plex of TGF-β (a), TSLP (b), and CCL17 (c) in whole-lung samples from Aspergillus-sensitized and conidium-challenged TLR9+/+ and TLR9–/– mice. Both groups of mice were left untreated or treated with IN CpG, or IP CpG on alternate days from day 14 to day 28 after conidium challenge. Means ± SEM; n = 5/group/time point. ∗ p ≤ 0.05 vs. the appropriate untreated control group.
