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. 2009 Nov 29;460(2):223–237. doi: 10.1007/s00424-009-0761-0

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Mechanisms of sodium channel loss-of-function in Brugada syndrome, progressive cardiac conduction disease, and sick sinus syndrome. a Decreased sarcolemmal expression of Nav1.5 due to premature degradation of mutant channel proteins by the quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum. b Delayed activation of cardiac sodium channels (red circles). c Earlier inactivation of cardiac sodium channels (red circles)