Figure 4.

Schematic representation of the neuro-immune-endocrine capacity of the leukocytic (L) phenotype. The immune cells are considered a new diffusely expressed adrenergic organ as well a peripheral neuroendocrine system with autocrine and paracrine functions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released by leukocytes induce a circulatory switch which favors the lymphovenous circulation. Lastly, the leukocytic phenotype is associated with enzymatic stress and hypermetabolism which, in turn, cause a General Wasting Syndrome. v: venous vascular system; ly: lymphatic vascular system; p: parenchymal cells.