Table 1.

fMRI Studies of Pain and Basal Ganglia Activation.

Study Type	Condition	Stimulus	C	Pu	NAc	GP	STN	SN	Reference
Acute Pain
	Thermal Pain	Contact Heat	+	+	-	+		+	[45]
		Contact Heat			-				[142]
		Contact Heat			-				[58]
		Contact Heat		+					[143]
		Contact Heat	+						[144]
		Contact Heat	+						[145]
		Contact Heat	+	+					[146]
		Contact Heat		+					[47]
		Contact Heat						+	[147]
		Laser		+					[148]
		Cold	+						[49]
		Cold (Prickle)	+						[48]
	Electrical Pain	Current	+						[51]
		Current		+					[95]
		Electroacupuncture			+				[149]
	Pressure Pain		+	+		+			[150]
	Capsaicin Sensitization	Punctate Mechanical		+					[91]
		Punctate Mechanical		+	(+)	+		+	[151]
	Visceral Pain	Fundus Distention	+	+					[152]
		Esophageal Distention	+	+					[143]
Chronic Pain
	Neuropathic	Trigeminal (cold allodynia)	-			+			[56]
		Trigeminal (mechanical allodynia)	-	+	+	+			[56]
		Post Herpetic (spontaneous pain)		+	(+)				[153]
	Complex Regional Pain Syndrome	Pediatric	-						[70]
	Fibromyalgia								[154]
		Pressure		+					[150]
		Catastrophising		+		+			[155]
	Back Pain				+				[156]
	Osteoarthritis			+					[156]
	Visceral	Irritable Bowel Syndrome	-	+					[157]
Empathy
	Visual
		Pictures	+	+					[158]
		Pictures	+						[159]
		Virtual Pain (needles)		+					[160]
Analgesics (phMRI)
	Opioid Agonists	Morphine		+	+			+	[58]
		Remifentanil	+	+		+		+	[83]
	Opioid Antagonists	Naloxone	+		+		+	+	[82]

Key: E = evoked stimuli; + = increased BOLD signal; - = decreased BOLD signal