Table 2.
Studies examining environmental factors in relation to internalizing behavior problems/anxiety disorders
| Citations | Ages/Types of Assessment, in years | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental factors | Effect | Internalizing/Anxiety Dx | |
| Biederman et al. (1991)* | 4–7, Parental psychopathology (ca) | 4–7 (ca) | |
| Booth-LaForce & Oxford (2006) | 6, 54 months, Maternal behavior (o); 24 months, Attachment (o) |
me | 5–11 (tr) |
| Brown & Whiteside (2008) | 7–18, Parental behavior (cr); 7–18, Attachment (cr) |
7–18 (cr) | |
| Buehler et al. (2006) | 11, parental behavior (cr); 11, Inter-parental hostility (pr, o) |
me | 11 (cr, pr, tr) |
| Crockenberg & Leerkes (2006) | 6 months, Maternal behavior (o) | mo | 2 (pr) |
| Creswell et al. (2008)* | 6–12, Maternal Anxiety (ca); 6–12, Maternal behavior (o) |
6–12 (ca) | |
| de Wilde & Rapee (2008) | 7–13, Maternal behavior (o) | 7–13 (o) | |
| Drake & Kearney (2008) | 7–18, Family environment (pr); 7–18, Parent Psychopathology (pr); 7–18, Parent Anxiety Sensitivity (pr) |
me | 7–18 (cr) |
| Feng et al. (2008)* | 1, Attachment (o); 3, Maternal depression (ca); 2, 3, Maternal behavior (o) |
2–10 (pr) 10–11 (ca) |
|
| Gazelle & Ladd (2003) | 5–9, Peer exclusion (tr) 5–9, Peer rejection (peer) |
5–9 (tr) | |
| Galambos et al. (2003) | 11, Parenting behavior (cr); 11–14, Peer deviant behavior (cr) |
11–13 (cr) | |
| Ginsburg et al. (2004)* | 6, Maternal anxiety; 6, Maternal behavior |
mo | 12 (cr, ca) |
| Hale et al. (2006) | 12–19, Parental behavior (cr) | 12–19 (cr) | |
| Hastings et al (2008) | 2–5, Parental behavior (pr, o) | 2–5 (pr) | |
| Hudson & Rapee (2002) | 7–16, Maternal behavior (o); 7–16, Maternal anxiety (pr) |
7–16 (cr) | |
| Hudson et al. (2008)* | 7–13, Maternal behavior (o) | 7–13 (ca) | |
| Hymel et al. (1990) | 7, Social acceptance (peer); 7, Social isolation (o, peer) |
7, 10 (tr) | |
| Klima & Repetti (2008) | 9, 11, Friendship (cr); 9, 11, Peer acceptance (tr) |
9, 11 (tr) | |
| Knappe et al. (2009)* | 14–17, Parental psychopathology (ca, cr); 16–19, Parenting style (cr) |
14–28 (ca) | |
| Ladd (2006) | 5–12, Peer rejection (peers, tr) | 5–12 (tr) | |
| LaGreca & Harrison (2005) | 14–19, peer crowd affiliation (cr); 14–19, Peer vicitimization (cr); 14–19, Friendships (cr) |
14–19 (cr) | |
| Lansford et al. (2006) | 5–13, Maternal behavior (pr) | 5–13 (tr) | |
| Laursen et al. (2007) | 7–9, Social isolation/participation (peer); 7–9, Friendships (peer) |
me | 7–9 (cr) |
| Leve et al. (2005) | 5, Maternal depression (pr) | 5–17 (pr) | |
| Lieb et al. (2000)* | 14–17, Maternal psychopathology (pr); 14–17, Parenting style (cr) |
14–17 (ca, cr) | |
| Manassis et al. (1995) | 18–59, Attachment (o) | 18–59 (pr) | |
| Morrissey (2009) | 2–3, Non-parental child care (pr) | 2–3 (tr) | |
| Pagani et al. (2008) | 2–11, Family environment (pr), 2–11, Maternal depression (pr) |
2–11 (pr) | |
| Rosenbaum et al. (1992)* | 4–7, Parental psychopathology (ca) | 4–7 (ca) | |
| Sales et al. (2008) | 8–12, Maternal coping (pr) | 8–12 (cr) | |
| Shanahan et al. (2008)* | 9–16, Parental characteristics (cr, pr); 9–16, Family dysfunction (cr, pr); 9–16, Peer problems (cr, pr) |
9–13 (ca) | |
| Troop-Gordan & Ladd (2005) | 9–12, Peer victimization (peer) | 9–12 (cr, pr, tr) | |
| Van Leeuwen et al. (2004) | 7–15, Parental behavior (pr, cr) | 7–15 (pr) | |
| Vernberg et al. (1992) | 12–14, Friendship (cr); 12–14 Peer rejection (cr) |
12–14 (cr) | |
Note: Type of assessment: (o) = observational, (pr) = parent report, (cr) = child-report, (tr) = teacher report, (ca) = clinical assessment; Indirect effect: me = mediational, mo = moderational;
*
denotes studies that assessed internalizing/anxiety disorders using a clinical interview