Appendix A.
Interaction between coxib or nsNSAID use and patient subgroups among the primary and secondary cohorts*
| Drug exposure | Patient subgroup based on data from prior 6 months |
Primary cohort AP (95% CI) (n = 175,654) |
Secondary cohort AP (95% CI) (n = 174,050) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Valdecoxib | Cardiovascular risk factors | 0.32 (0.01, 0.62) | −0.09 (−0.48, 0.31) |
| Rofecoxib | Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.30 (0.03, 0.57) | −0.16 (−0.80, 0.49) |
| Valdecoxib | Myocardial infarction | 0.30 (0.03, 0.56) | −0.20 (−0.65, 0.26) |
| Valdecoxib | Female sex | 0.30 (−0.13, 0.72) | −0.30 (−0.75, 0.15) |
| Other nsNSAID† | Chronic renal disease | 0.28 (0.09, 0.46)‡ | 0.19 (−0.04, 0.43)‡ |
| Ibuprofen | Congestive heart failure | 0.26 (0.05, 0.47) | 0.06 (−0.27, 0.38) |
| Ibuprofen | Myocardial infarction | 0.25 (−0.02, 0.53)‡ | 0.24 (−0.10, 0.57)‡ |
| Rofecoxib | Diabetes mellitus | 0.25 (0.15, 0.36) | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.24) |
| Valdecoxib | Hypertension | 0.25 (−0.01, 0.5) | 0.08 (−0.19, 0.34) |
| Diclofenac | COPD | 0.24 (−0.07, 0.55) | 0.03 (−0.47, 0.52) |
| Other nsNSAID† | Myocardial infarction | 0.24 (0.06, 0.42)‡ | 0.20 (−0.01, 0.41)‡ |
| Diclofenac | Chronic renal disease | 0.23 (−0.39, 0.86) | −1.01 (−3.32, 1.29) |
| Other nsNSAID† | Cardiovascular risk factors | 0.22 (0.02, 0.42) | 0.08 (−0.18, 0.34) |
| Ibuprofen | Age ≥80 years | 0.22 (0.05, 0.39)‡ | 0.15 (−0.07, 0.37)‡ |
| Ibuprofen | Cardiovascular disease | 0.22 (0.01, 0.43)‡ | 0.19 (−0.05, 0.42)‡ |
| Valdecoxib | Chronic renal disease | 0.21 (−0.16, 0.57) | −0.20 (−0.74, 0.35) |
| Rofecoxib | Congestive heart failure | 0.19 (0.09, 0.30)‡ | 0.11 (−0.03, 0.25)‡ |
| Valdecoxib | COPD | 0.19 (−0.04, 0.41) | −0.24 (−0.58, 0.10) |
| Other nsNSAID† | Congestive heart failure | 0.19 (0.04, 0.34)‡ | 0.26 (0.11, 0.40)‡ |
| Ibuprofen | COPD | 0.19 (−0.04, 0.41)‡ | 0.32 (0.11, 0.53)‡ |
| Other nsNSAID† | Cardiovascular disease | 0.16 (0.016, 0.31)‡ | 0.18 (0.03, 0.33)‡ |
| Rofecoxib | Age ≥80 years | 0.16 (0.07, 0.24)‡ | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23)‡ |
| Valdecoxib | Cardiovascular disease | 0.16 (0.07, 0.24) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.25) |
| Rofecoxib | Cardiovascular risk factors | 0.15 (0.02, 0.24) | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.21) |
| Diclofenac | Statin use | 0.14 (−0.29, 0.57) | 0.01 (−0.55, 0.57) |
| Ibuprofen | ACE inhibitor or ARB use | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.35) | −0.04 (−0.36, 0.27) |
| Diclofenac | Hypertension | 0.13 (−0.26, 0.52) | −0.08 (−0.63, 0.48) |
| Naproxen | Cardiovascular disease | 0.13 (−0.14, 0.40)‡ | 0.11 (−0.17, 0.38)‡ |
| Other nsNSAID† | Hypertension | 0.13 (−0.05, 0.31)‡ | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.34)‡ |
| Valdecoxib | Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.12 (−0.53, 0.77)‡ | 0.23 (−0.44, 0.89)‡ |
nsNSAID = nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker.
Other nsNSAIDs include diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, oxaprozin, piroxicam, sulindac, and tolmetin.
The table consists of the top tertile of attributable proportions (AP) for the primary cohort and is organized from largest to smallest AP. The 13 APs with an ‡ were found to be in the top tertile for both the primary and secondary cohorts.