Table 3. Secondary Pain and Quality of Life Outcomes (Last-Observation Carried Forward).

Clinical Outcome	Intervention (123)	Usual Care (127)	Between-Group Difference (95% CI)	P value
Roland pain disability (range, 0-24)
Baseline	17.3 (4.5)	17.6 (4.1)	-0.3 (-1.4 to 0.8)	.57
12-Month follow-up	14.0 (6.5)	17.2 (5.3)	-3.2 (-4.7 to -1.8)	<.0001
Graded chronic pain scale (GCPS)
GCPS severity score (range, 0 to 100)
Baseline	72.7 (17.7)	72.8 (15.4)	-0.1 (-4.2 to 4.1)	.97
12-Month follow-up	67.8 (22.8)	74.7 (17.2)	-6.9 (-12.0 to -1.9)	.007
GCPS disability score (range, 0 to 100)
Baseline	67.8 (25.0)	70.2 (24.8)	-2.4 (-8.6 to 3.8)	.45
12-Month follow-up	52.5 (31.6)	66.1 (27.3)	-13.6 (-20.9 to -6.2)	.0003
GCPS disability days from pain in past 3 months (range, 0 to 90)
Baseline	34.9 (33.4)	38.0 (33.1)	-3.1 (-11.4 to 5.2)	.46
3-Month follow-up	33.2 (32.3)	41.5 (33.2)	-8.3 (-16.5 to -0.1)	.046
6-Month follow-up	28.2 (31.5)	31.1 (30.9)	-2.8 (-10.6 to 5.0)	.47
12-Month follow-up	31.4 (33.2)	38.1 (31.8)	-6.8 (-14.9 to 1.3)	.10
GAD-7 anxiety score (range, 0-21)
Baseline	8.7 (4.5)	9.1 (4.4)	-0.4 (-1.5 to 0.7)	.48
12-Month follow-up	5.8 (5.0)	8.0 (5.1)	-2.2 (-3.5 to -0.9)	.0007
SF functioning/quality of life (range, 0-100)
General health perceptions
Baseline	33.1 (27.9)	28.4 (26.6)	4.7 (-2.1 to 11.5)	.18
12-Month follow-up	35.2 (29.7)	24.2 (25.5)	11.1 (4.2 to 18.0)	.002
Social functioning
Baseline	38.0 (25.2)	40.5 (26.2)	-2.5 (-8.9 to 4.0)	.45
12-Month follow-up	53.1 (30.9)	47.0 (28.5)	6.1 (-1.3 to 13.5)	.11
Bodily pain
Baseline	26.5 (16.0)	27.2 (14.1)	-0.7 (-4.5 to 3.0)	.70
12-Month follow-up	37.3 (21.1)	28.8 (16.9)	8.5 (3.8 to 19.1)	.0005
Vitality
Baseline	25.8 (16.6)	24.6 (17.3)	1.2 (-3.0 to 5.4)	.57
12-Month follow-up	36.6 (22.7)	27.8 (18.9)	8.8 (3.6 to 14.0)	.001