Comparative NMR analysis of 1 H- and 15N-chemical shifts of amide protons from CS types (A-D), and mammalian HS (E) using 1H-15N-gHSQC spectra. (A) The CS-A from bovine trachea possesses ~ 65% of 4-sulfation, and ~ 35% of 6-sulfation GalNAc residues, whereas (B) the CS-C from shark cartilage has over 95% 6-sulfation GalNAc units. (C) The OSCS possesses over 75% of 4,6-di-sulfation GalNAc units. (D) The DS, also known as CS-B, from porcine intestinal mucosa is composed of ≥ 90% 4-sulfated GalNAc units. (E) The mammalian HS reveals only one peak that necessarily belongs to its 15N-acetylated glucosaminyl unit. Note the different 1H chemical shift scale in (E).