FIG. 3.

PAM dose response and kinetics. Human whole blood was stimulated with the indicated concentrations of PAM, while a separate aliquot was stimulated with 50 ng/ml LPS. Plasma was collected from separate tubes at either 6 h (filled bars) or 24 h (open bars). PAM induced lower levels of IL-1β and IL-6 than did LPS. Note the break in the y axis. In contrast, 1,000 ng/ml PAM induced levels of IL-8 nearly identical to those induced by LPS. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 10 donors).