Table 2.

Broad categories, subcategories, and definitions with frequency and percentage of parent(s) and youth reporting each category

Broad categories	Subcategories	Definition	Interrater (%)	Parent #	Parent (%)	Youth #	Youth (%)
Therapist-oriented engagement
Relationship building	Collaborative relationship Casual presentation Calm, neutral, unbiased Nonjudgmental Authentic Attentive, active participant	Aspects of the counselor’s personality,  presentation, or involvement that family  members found helpful in the therapeutic  process	76	13/19	68	7/19	37
Task-centered alliance	Communication styles Anger management Parenting skills Developing empathy Insight into youths’ behaviors Goals fit needs of family Effective listening skills Relaxation techniques	Teaching skills, such as teamwork, effective  listening, anger management, parenting  practices. Therapist tasks included  providing advice, guidance, insights, and  opportunities to assess progress	71	19/19	100	13/19	68
Intra-family engagement
Sharing time together	Bonding New quality of interactions Less arguing Increased respect “Hanging out” more	Family coming together, staying involved in  treatment, and developing more positive  relationships	68	12/19	63	6/19	32
Gaining understanding of self  and others	Recognize youth’s need for independence Learned each other’s triggers Understand each other’s different problem  solving techniques	Getting to know each other better,  understanding unique traits, tendencies,  and similarities	84	14/19	74	11/19	58
Unenthusiastic reactions to the intervention
Negative responses  to sessions	The intervention brought up too  much material at once Provoked anger Caused family members to withdraw Family members avoided  involvement	Comments that expressed dislike or discomfort during sessions or the treatment process in general	100	3/19	16	5/19	26