Table 7.

Variations by Rural Versus Urban Residence

1. Organizational Religiousness

A. Social activities at Temples, Shrines, and Churches

1. Large Cities (0 = 3.522) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 3.919) B p < .001

2. Large Cities (0 = 3.522) vs. Towns (0 = 4.043) B p < .001

3. Medium Cities (0 = 3.919) vs. Towns (0 = 4.043) B ns

B. Praying at Temples, Shrines, and Churches

1. Large Cities (0 = 1.769) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 2.007) B p < .05

2. Large Cities (0 = 1.769) vs. Towns (0 = 2.297) B p < .001

3. Medium Cities (0 = 2.007) vs. Towns (0 = 2.297) B p < .001

C. Member of religious group or association

1. Large Cities (0 = .078) vs. Medium Cities (0 = .056) B ns

2. Large Cities (0 = .078) vs. Towns (0 = .054) B ns

3. Medium Cities (0 = .056) vs. Towns (0 = .054) B ns

2. Private Religious Practices

A. Pray at home

1. Large Cities (0 = 3.186) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 3.279) B ns

2. Large Cities (0 = 3.186) vs. Towns (0 = 3.429) B p < .005

3. Medium Cities (0 = 3.279) vs. Towns (0 = 3.429) B p < .01

B. Read religious literature at home

1. Large Cities (0 = 1.876) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 1.857) B ns

2. Large Cities (0 = 1.876) vs. Towns (0 = 1.953) B ns

3. Medium Cities (0 = 1.857) vs. Towns (0 = 1.953) B ns

C. Watch or listen to religious programs on TV or radio

1. Large Cities (0 = 1.357) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 1.398) B ns

2. Large Cities (0 = 1.357) vs. Towns (0 = 1.462) B ns

3. Medium Cities (0 = 1.397) vs. Towns (0 = 1.462) B ns

3. Functions of Prayer

A. Prayer to overcome stress or worry

1. Large Cities (0 = 2.580) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 2.728) B ns

2. Medium Cities (0 = 2.728) vs. Towns (0 = 2.744) B ns

B. Prayer for wishes

1. Medium Cities (0 = 2.251) vs. Towns (0 = 2.326) B ns

4. Punishment by Supernatural Forces

1. Large Cities (0 = 2.103) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 2.324) B p < .005

2. Large Cities (0 = 2.103) vs. Towns (0 = 2.357) B p < .005

3. Medium Cities (0 = 2.324) vs. Towns (0 = 2.357) B ns

5. Beliefs about the Afterlife

A. Compared with life on earth, life after death will be a much better place

1. Large Cities (0 = 1.564) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 1.623) B ns

2. Large Cities (0 = 1.564) vs. Towns (0 = 1.546) B ns

3. Medium Cities (0 = 1.623) vs. Towns (0 = 1.546) B ns

B. I believe in the existence of heaven and hell

1. Large Cities (0 = 1.765) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 2.013) B p < .01

2. Large Cities (0 = 1.765) vs. Towns (0 = 1.931) B ns

3. Medium Cities (0 = 2.013) vs. Towns (0 = 1.931) B ns

C. Even though the body dies, the spirit lives on

1. Large Cities (0 = 2.317) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 2.682) B p < .001

2. Large Cities (0 = 2.317) vs. Towns (0 = 2.614) B p < .01

3. Medium Cities (0 = 2.672) vs. Towns (0 = 2.614) B ns

D. Death is just one point on the way to eternal happiness

1. Large Cities (0 = 1.743) vs. Medium Cities (0 = 2.023) B p < .01

2. Large Cities (0 = 1.743) vs. Towns (0 = 1.962) B p < .05

3. Medium Cities (0 = 2.023) vs. Towns (0 = 1.962) B ns