Table 1. Baseline demographic characteristics and comorbidities accroding to stenosis level.
SPS | DS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | 1 level (n=234) | 2 levels (n=241) | 3/3+ levels (n=144) | p-value | 1 level (n=351) | 2/2+ levels (n=170) | p-value |
Mean Age (SD) | 61.7 (12) | 65.5 (10.8) | 67.9 (11.4) | <0.001 | 64.5 (10.2) | 70.2 (9.5) | <0.001 |
Female | 115 (49%) | 89 (37%) | 40 (28%) | <0.001 | 252 (72%) | 103 (61%) | 0.013 |
Ethnicity - Not Hispanic† | 223 (95%) | 229 (95%) | 139 (97%) | 0.78 | 341 (97%) | 166 (98%) | 0.97 |
Race - White† | 196 (84%) | 199 (83%) | 125 (87%) | 0.54 | 292 (83%) | 146 (86%) | 0.51 |
Education - At least some college | 148 (63%) | 148 (61%) | 94 (65%) | 0.75 | 235 (67%) | 104 (61%) | 0.23 |
Marital Status - Married | 168 (72%) | 166 (69%) | 100 (69%) | 0.77 | 237 (68%) | 109 (64%) | 0.50 |
Work Status | 0.25 | 0.022 | |||||
Full or part time | 92 (39%) | 81 (34%) | 38 (26%) | 139 (40%) | 46 (27%) | ||
Disabled | 23 (10%) | 22 (9%) | 13 (9%) | 30 (9%) | 12 (7%) | ||
Retired | 96 (41%) | 114 (47%) | 78 (54%) | 142 (40%) | 90 (53%) | ||
Other | 23 (10%) | 24 (10%) | 15 (10%) | 40 (11%) | 22 (13%) | ||
Compensation - Any‡ | 17 (7%) | 20 (8%) | 9 (6%) | 0.75 | 24 (7%) | 10 (6%) | 0.82 |
BMI(Mean Body Mass Index), (SD)§ | 29.1 (6) | 29.7 (5.5) | 30 (5.4) | 0.29 | 29.2 (6) | 29.3 (6.9) | 0.90 |
Current Smoker | 31 (13%) | 20 (8%) | 10 (7%) | 0.08 | 37 (11%) | 9 (5%) | 0.07 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Hypertension | 93 (40%) | 113 (47%) | 75 (52%) | 0.054 | 162 (46%) | 81 (48%) | 0.82 |
Diabetes | 34 (15%) | 34 (14%) | 27 (19%) | 0.43 | 47 (13%) | 25 (15%) | 0.79 |
Osteoporosis | 24 (10%) | 22 (9%) | 14 (10%) | 0.92 | 46 (13%) | 15 (9%) | 0.20 |
Heart Problem | 54 (23%) | 70 (29%) | 39 (27%) | 0.33 | 63 (18%) | 42 (25%) | 0.092 |
Stomach Problem | 59 (25%) | 47 (20%) | 30 (21%) | 0.30 | 78 (22%) | 36 (21%) | 0.87 |
Bowel or Intestinal Problem | 30 (13%) | 26 (11%) | 26 (18%) | 0.12 | 20 (6%) | 16 (9%) | 0.17 |
Depression | 38 (16%) | 17 (7%) | 13 (9%) | 0.004 | 64 (18%) | 24 (14%) | 0.29 |
Joint Problem | 112 (48%) | 133 (55%) | 93 (65%) | 0.006 | 198 (56%) | 101 (59%) | 0.58 |
Other¶ | 87 (37%) | 78 (32%) | 51 (35%) | 0.54 | 138 (39%) | 63 (37%) | 0.69 |
Sympton Duration > 6 months | 128 (55%) | 139 (58%) | 91 (63%) | 0.27 | 209 (60%) | 99 (58%) | 0.85 |
SF-36 Bodily Pain (BP) (SD) ∥ | 30.7 (19.5) | 34.2 (20.6) | 36.7 (18.6) | 0.012 | 33.7 (19.3) | 33.5 (18.8) | 0.91 |
SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) (SD)∥ | 33.7 (23.9) | 35.2 (23.8) | 35.6 (21.9) | 0.68 | 35.3 (22.3) | 32.5 (22.2) | 0.18 |
Mental Component Summary (MCS) (SD)∥ | 49.1 (12.3) | 49.1 (11.7) | 50 (11.9) | 0.70 | 49.6 (11.5) | 50.6 (11.2) | 0.36 |
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (SD)** | 43.5 (18.9) | 42.6 (19.6) | 40.8 (16) | 0.39 | 41.1 (18) | 41.6 (17.3) | 0.80 |
Stenosis Frequency Index (0-24) (SD)†† | 13.7 (5.8) | 14.1 (6.1) | 14.1 (5.4) | 0.70 | 13.9 (5.5) | 14.4 (5.6) | 0.31 |
Stenosis Bothersome Index (0-24) (SD)‡‡ | 14 (5.7) | 14.7 (6) | 14.5 (5.5) | 0.43 | 14.5 (5.5) | 15.1 (5.5) | 0.25 |
Back Pain Bothersomeness (0-6) (SD)§§ | 4.1 (1.9) | 4.2 (1.8) | 3.9 (1.7) | 0.17 | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.2 (1.8) | 0.85 |
Leg Pain Bothersomeness (0-6) (SD)¶¶ | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.6) | 0.52 | 4.6 (1.6) | 4.5 (1.7) | 0.42 |
Very dissatisfied with symptoms | 170 (73%) | 160 (66%) | 95 (66%) | 0.25 | 245 (70%) | 115 (68%) | 0.69 |
Patient self-assessed health trend | 0.67 | 0.67 | |||||
Problem getting better | 15 (6%) | 20 (8%) | 8 (6%) | 23 (7%) | 8 (5%) | ||
Problem staying about the same | 72 (31%) | 80 (33%) | 44 (31%) | 117 (33%) | 53 (31%) | ||
Problem getting worse | 146 (62%) | 136 (56%) | 91 (63%) | 209 (60%) | 104 (61%) | ||
Treatment preference | 0.35 | 0.88 | |||||
Definitely prefer non-surg | 42 (18%) | 50 (21%) | 27 (19%) | 75 (21%) | 37 (22%) | ||
Probably prefer non-surg | 37 (16%) | 47 (20%) | 17 (12%) | 57 (16%) | 28 (16%) | ||
Not sure | 51 (22%) | 39 (16%) | 28 (19%) | 85 (24%) | 35 (21%) | ||
Probably prefer surgery | 29 (12%) | 37 (15%) | 19 (13%) | 36 (10%) | 21 (12%) | ||
Definitely prefer surgery | 75 (32%) | 67 (28%) | 53 (37%) | 97 (28%) | 49 (29%) | ||
Pseudoclaudication - Any | 168 (72%) | 206 (85%) | 124 (86%) | <0.001 | 291 (83%) | 154 (91%) | 0.028 |
SLR or Femoral Tension Sign | 58 (25%) | 41 (17%) | 25 (17%) | 0.07 | 59 (17%) | 19 (11%) | 0.12 |
Pain radiation - any | 191 (82%) | 192 (80%) | 102 (71%) | 0.038 | 287 (82%) | 125 (74%) | 0.04 |
Any Neurological Deficit | 130 (56%) | 128 (53%) | 82 (57%) | 0.74 | 182 (52%) | 105 (62%) | 0.041 |
Reflexes - Asymmetric Depressed | 59 (25%) | 66 (27%) | 38 (26%) | 0.87 | 77 (22%) | 51 (30%) | 0.058 |
Sensory - Asymmetric Decrease | 69 (29%) | 68 (28%) | 42 (29%) | 0.95 | 102 (29%) | 51 (30%) | 0.91 |
Motor - Asymmetric Weakness | 64 (27%) | 71 (29%) | 39 (27%) | 0.84 | 78 (22%) | 50 (29%) | 0.093 |
Stenosis Levels | |||||||
L2-L3 | 12 (5%) | 50 (21%) | 114 (79%) | <0.001 | 4 (1%) | 28 (16%) | <0.001 |
L3-L4 | 74 (32%) | 197 (82%) | 144 (100%) | <0.001 | 31 (9%) | 148 (87%) | <0.001 |
L4-L5 | 197 (84%) | 226 (94%) | 144 (100%) | <0.001 | 349 (99%) | 170 (100%) | 0.82 |
L5-S1 | 37 (16%) | 58 (24%) | 75 (52%) | <0.001 | 10 (3%) | 44 (26%) | <0.001 |
Stenosis Locations Central | 184 (79%) | 218 (90%) | 137 (95%) | <0.001 | 324 (92%) | 159 (94%) | 0.75 |
Lateral Recess | 170 (73%) | 196 (81%) | 126 (88%) | 0.002 | 314 (89%) | 159 (94%) | 0.18 |
Neuroforamen | 70 (30%) | 81 (34%) | 53 (37%) | 0.37 | 138 (39%) | 80 (47%) | 0.11 |
Stenosis Severity | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Moderate | 152 (65%) | 90 (37%) | 40 (28%) | 154 (44%) | 35 (21%) | ||
Severe | 82 (35%) | 151 (63%) | 104 (72%) | 197 (56%) | 135 (79%) | ||
Instability | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 25 (7%) | 16 (9%) | 0.46 |
Race or ethnic group was self-assessed. Whites and blacks could be either Hispanic or non-Hispanic.
This category includes patients who were receiving or had applications pending for workers compensation, social security, or other compensation.
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Other = problems related to stroke, cancer, lung, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, post traumatic stress disorder, alcohol, drug dependency, liver, kidney, blood vessel, nervous system, migraine, anxiety.
The SF-36 scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating less severe symptoms.
The Oswestry Disability Index ranges from 1 to 100, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Stenosis Frequency Index ranges from 0 to 24, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Stenosis Bothersomeness Index ranges from 0 to 24, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Low Back Pain Bothersomness ranges from 0 to 6, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Leg Pain Bothersomeness ranges from 0 to 6, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.