Table 1. Baseline demographic characteristics and comorbidities accroding to stenosis level.
Baseline demographic characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes scores according to stenosis level for patients with isolated spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis.
| SPS | DS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | 1 level (n=234) | 2 levels (n=241) | 3/3+ levels (n=144) | p-value | 1 level (n=351) | 2/2+ levels (n=170) | p-value |
| Mean Age (SD) | 61.7 (12) | 65.5 (10.8) | 67.9 (11.4) | <0.001 | 64.5 (10.2) | 70.2 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Female | 115 (49%) | 89 (37%) | 40 (28%) | <0.001 | 252 (72%) | 103 (61%) | 0.013 |
| Ethnicity - Not Hispanic† | 223 (95%) | 229 (95%) | 139 (97%) | 0.78 | 341 (97%) | 166 (98%) | 0.97 |
| Race - White† | 196 (84%) | 199 (83%) | 125 (87%) | 0.54 | 292 (83%) | 146 (86%) | 0.51 |
| Education - At least some college | 148 (63%) | 148 (61%) | 94 (65%) | 0.75 | 235 (67%) | 104 (61%) | 0.23 |
| Marital Status - Married | 168 (72%) | 166 (69%) | 100 (69%) | 0.77 | 237 (68%) | 109 (64%) | 0.50 |
| Work Status | 0.25 | 0.022 | |||||
| Full or part time | 92 (39%) | 81 (34%) | 38 (26%) | 139 (40%) | 46 (27%) | ||
| Disabled | 23 (10%) | 22 (9%) | 13 (9%) | 30 (9%) | 12 (7%) | ||
| Retired | 96 (41%) | 114 (47%) | 78 (54%) | 142 (40%) | 90 (53%) | ||
| Other | 23 (10%) | 24 (10%) | 15 (10%) | 40 (11%) | 22 (13%) | ||
| Compensation - Any‡ | 17 (7%) | 20 (8%) | 9 (6%) | 0.75 | 24 (7%) | 10 (6%) | 0.82 |
| BMI(Mean Body Mass Index), (SD)§ | 29.1 (6) | 29.7 (5.5) | 30 (5.4) | 0.29 | 29.2 (6) | 29.3 (6.9) | 0.90 |
| Current Smoker | 31 (13%) | 20 (8%) | 10 (7%) | 0.08 | 37 (11%) | 9 (5%) | 0.07 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 93 (40%) | 113 (47%) | 75 (52%) | 0.054 | 162 (46%) | 81 (48%) | 0.82 |
| Diabetes | 34 (15%) | 34 (14%) | 27 (19%) | 0.43 | 47 (13%) | 25 (15%) | 0.79 |
| Osteoporosis | 24 (10%) | 22 (9%) | 14 (10%) | 0.92 | 46 (13%) | 15 (9%) | 0.20 |
| Heart Problem | 54 (23%) | 70 (29%) | 39 (27%) | 0.33 | 63 (18%) | 42 (25%) | 0.092 |
| Stomach Problem | 59 (25%) | 47 (20%) | 30 (21%) | 0.30 | 78 (22%) | 36 (21%) | 0.87 |
| Bowel or Intestinal Problem | 30 (13%) | 26 (11%) | 26 (18%) | 0.12 | 20 (6%) | 16 (9%) | 0.17 |
| Depression | 38 (16%) | 17 (7%) | 13 (9%) | 0.004 | 64 (18%) | 24 (14%) | 0.29 |
| Joint Problem | 112 (48%) | 133 (55%) | 93 (65%) | 0.006 | 198 (56%) | 101 (59%) | 0.58 |
| Other¶ | 87 (37%) | 78 (32%) | 51 (35%) | 0.54 | 138 (39%) | 63 (37%) | 0.69 |
| Sympton Duration > 6 months | 128 (55%) | 139 (58%) | 91 (63%) | 0.27 | 209 (60%) | 99 (58%) | 0.85 |
| SF-36 Bodily Pain (BP) (SD) ∥ | 30.7 (19.5) | 34.2 (20.6) | 36.7 (18.6) | 0.012 | 33.7 (19.3) | 33.5 (18.8) | 0.91 |
| SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) (SD)∥ | 33.7 (23.9) | 35.2 (23.8) | 35.6 (21.9) | 0.68 | 35.3 (22.3) | 32.5 (22.2) | 0.18 |
| Mental Component Summary (MCS) (SD)∥ | 49.1 (12.3) | 49.1 (11.7) | 50 (11.9) | 0.70 | 49.6 (11.5) | 50.6 (11.2) | 0.36 |
| Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (SD)** | 43.5 (18.9) | 42.6 (19.6) | 40.8 (16) | 0.39 | 41.1 (18) | 41.6 (17.3) | 0.80 |
| Stenosis Frequency Index (0-24) (SD)†† | 13.7 (5.8) | 14.1 (6.1) | 14.1 (5.4) | 0.70 | 13.9 (5.5) | 14.4 (5.6) | 0.31 |
| Stenosis Bothersome Index (0-24) (SD)‡‡ | 14 (5.7) | 14.7 (6) | 14.5 (5.5) | 0.43 | 14.5 (5.5) | 15.1 (5.5) | 0.25 |
| Back Pain Bothersomeness (0-6) (SD)§§ | 4.1 (1.9) | 4.2 (1.8) | 3.9 (1.7) | 0.17 | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.2 (1.8) | 0.85 |
| Leg Pain Bothersomeness (0-6) (SD)¶¶ | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.6) | 0.52 | 4.6 (1.6) | 4.5 (1.7) | 0.42 |
| Very dissatisfied with symptoms | 170 (73%) | 160 (66%) | 95 (66%) | 0.25 | 245 (70%) | 115 (68%) | 0.69 |
| Patient self-assessed health trend | 0.67 | 0.67 | |||||
| Problem getting better | 15 (6%) | 20 (8%) | 8 (6%) | 23 (7%) | 8 (5%) | ||
| Problem staying about the same | 72 (31%) | 80 (33%) | 44 (31%) | 117 (33%) | 53 (31%) | ||
| Problem getting worse | 146 (62%) | 136 (56%) | 91 (63%) | 209 (60%) | 104 (61%) | ||
| Treatment preference | 0.35 | 0.88 | |||||
| Definitely prefer non-surg | 42 (18%) | 50 (21%) | 27 (19%) | 75 (21%) | 37 (22%) | ||
| Probably prefer non-surg | 37 (16%) | 47 (20%) | 17 (12%) | 57 (16%) | 28 (16%) | ||
| Not sure | 51 (22%) | 39 (16%) | 28 (19%) | 85 (24%) | 35 (21%) | ||
| Probably prefer surgery | 29 (12%) | 37 (15%) | 19 (13%) | 36 (10%) | 21 (12%) | ||
| Definitely prefer surgery | 75 (32%) | 67 (28%) | 53 (37%) | 97 (28%) | 49 (29%) | ||
| Pseudoclaudication - Any | 168 (72%) | 206 (85%) | 124 (86%) | <0.001 | 291 (83%) | 154 (91%) | 0.028 |
| SLR or Femoral Tension Sign | 58 (25%) | 41 (17%) | 25 (17%) | 0.07 | 59 (17%) | 19 (11%) | 0.12 |
| Pain radiation - any | 191 (82%) | 192 (80%) | 102 (71%) | 0.038 | 287 (82%) | 125 (74%) | 0.04 |
| Any Neurological Deficit | 130 (56%) | 128 (53%) | 82 (57%) | 0.74 | 182 (52%) | 105 (62%) | 0.041 |
| Reflexes - Asymmetric Depressed | 59 (25%) | 66 (27%) | 38 (26%) | 0.87 | 77 (22%) | 51 (30%) | 0.058 |
| Sensory - Asymmetric Decrease | 69 (29%) | 68 (28%) | 42 (29%) | 0.95 | 102 (29%) | 51 (30%) | 0.91 |
| Motor - Asymmetric Weakness | 64 (27%) | 71 (29%) | 39 (27%) | 0.84 | 78 (22%) | 50 (29%) | 0.093 |
| Stenosis Levels | |||||||
| L2-L3 | 12 (5%) | 50 (21%) | 114 (79%) | <0.001 | 4 (1%) | 28 (16%) | <0.001 |
| L3-L4 | 74 (32%) | 197 (82%) | 144 (100%) | <0.001 | 31 (9%) | 148 (87%) | <0.001 |
| L4-L5 | 197 (84%) | 226 (94%) | 144 (100%) | <0.001 | 349 (99%) | 170 (100%) | 0.82 |
| L5-S1 | 37 (16%) | 58 (24%) | 75 (52%) | <0.001 | 10 (3%) | 44 (26%) | <0.001 |
| Stenosis Locations Central | 184 (79%) | 218 (90%) | 137 (95%) | <0.001 | 324 (92%) | 159 (94%) | 0.75 |
| Lateral Recess | 170 (73%) | 196 (81%) | 126 (88%) | 0.002 | 314 (89%) | 159 (94%) | 0.18 |
| Neuroforamen | 70 (30%) | 81 (34%) | 53 (37%) | 0.37 | 138 (39%) | 80 (47%) | 0.11 |
| Stenosis Severity | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Moderate | 152 (65%) | 90 (37%) | 40 (28%) | 154 (44%) | 35 (21%) | ||
| Severe | 82 (35%) | 151 (63%) | 104 (72%) | 197 (56%) | 135 (79%) | ||
| Instability | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 25 (7%) | 16 (9%) | 0.46 | |
Race or ethnic group was self-assessed. Whites and blacks could be either Hispanic or non-Hispanic.
This category includes patients who were receiving or had applications pending for workers compensation, social security, or other compensation.
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Other = problems related to stroke, cancer, lung, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, post traumatic stress disorder, alcohol, drug dependency, liver, kidney, blood vessel, nervous system, migraine, anxiety.
The SF-36 scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating less severe symptoms.
The Oswestry Disability Index ranges from 1 to 100, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Stenosis Frequency Index ranges from 0 to 24, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Stenosis Bothersomeness Index ranges from 0 to 24, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Low Back Pain Bothersomness ranges from 0 to 6, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.
The Leg Pain Bothersomeness ranges from 0 to 6, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.