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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 14.
Published in final edited form as: Physiol Behav. 2010 Mar 4;100(5):429–437. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.02.027

Table 2.

Opioid antagonists

For table conventions, see explanations in Table 1 legend. Abbreviations unique to Table 2 are summarized below, moving from left to right across columns. Drive: 2DG, food intake was motivated by 2-deoxyglucose administration; NPY, Neuropeptide Y. Drug: b-FNA, beta-funaltrexamine; Nlz, naloxonazine; NTI, naltrindole; nor-BNI, nor-binaltorphamine; NTX, naltrexone; NLX, naloxone. Site: ACe, central nucleus of the amygdala. Drug effects on macronutrient intake are arranged identically to Table 1 with the exception of the final two columns. The Total ↓ column indicates the total decrease in intake caused by antagonist administration, and the % F column indicates the percentage of that decrease that can be attributed to declines in fat intake.

Pre (kcal) Post (kcal) Change (kcal)
Expts Reference Drive Diet BL pref Notes Drug Dose Site C F % F C F % F C F Total ↓ % F
MOR 1a Koch et al. 1994 24 h dep macro β-FNA 20 μg ICV 15.0 22.0 59 9.0 12.0 57 −6.0 −10.0 −16.0 63
1b 2DG macro β-FNA 1 μg ICV 8.0 10.0 56 9.0 5.0 36 1.0 −5.0 −5.0 100
5 ICV 8.0 10.0 56 8.0 3.0 27 0.0 −7.0 −7.0 100
20 ICV 8.0 10.0 56 5.0 5.0 50 −3.0 −5.0 −8.0 63
2 South et al. 20071 AL HF v LF Mice Chronic β-FNA 15 mg/kg/day Sys 2.0 10.0 83 3.0 4.0 57 1.0 −6.0 −6.0 100
3a Koch and Bodnar 1994 24 h dep macro Nlz 10 μg ICV 6.0 34.0 85 12.0 34.0 74 6.0 0.0 0.0 -
50 ICV 10.0 37.0 79 6.0 15.0 71 −4.0 −22.0 −26.0 85
100 ICV 13.0 22.0 63 1.0 9.0 90 −12.0 −13.0 −25.0 52
3b 2DG macro Nlz 40 μg ICV 6.0 12.0 67 9.0 8.0 47 3.0 −4.0 −4.0 100
DOR 4 Koch and Bodnar 1994 2DG macro NTI 20 μg ICV 6.0 10.0 63 11.0 7.0 39 5.0 −3.0 −3.0 100
KOR 5 Koch and Bodnar 1994 2DG macro nor-BNI 5 μg ICV 8.0 10.0 56 9.0 8.0 47 1.0 −2.0 −2.0 100
20 ICV 8.0 10.0 56 8.0 5.0 38 0.0 −5.0 −5.0 100
6 Ookuma et al. 1997 20 h dep HF v LF nor-BNI 10 μg LV 14.0 21.0 60 18.0 15.0 45 4.0 −6.0 −6.0 100
20 LV 14.0 21.0 60 17.0 9.0 35 3.0 −12.0 −12.0 100
7a Ookuma et al. 1998 20 h dep HF v LF F (OM) nor-BNI 20 μg 3rd v 12.5 10.0 44 12.5 4.0 24 0.0 −6.0 −6.0 100
7b C (S5) nor-BNI 20 μg 3rd v 24.0 2.0 8 17.0 1.0 6 −7.0 −1.0 −8.0 13
Nonspecific 8 Corwin et al. 20092 AL HF or LF NTX 0.1 mg/kg Sys 13.0 54.0 81 10.0 36.0 78 −3.0 −18.0 −21.0 86
0.3 Sys 13.0 54.0 81 7.5 32.0 81 −5.5 −22.0 −27.5 80
1 Sys 13.0 54.0 81 7.0 32.0 82 −6.0 −22.0 −28.0 79
3.2 Sys 13.0 54.0 81 6.0 22.0 79 −7.0 −32.0 −39.0 82
9a Glass et al. 19963 24 h dep HF v LF 1st series NLX 0.01 mg/kg Sys 5.1 42.7 89 4.9 33.5 87 −0.2 −9.2 −9.4 98
0.03 Sys 5.1 42.7 89 4.5 32.3 88 −0.6 −10.4 −11.0 95
0.1 Sys 5.1 42.7 89 4.9 24.1 83 −0.2 −18.6 −18.8 99
9b 2nd series 0.3 mg/kg Sys 14.2 21.9 61 6.6 18.9 74 −7.6 −3.0 −10.6 28
1 Sys 14.2 21.9 61 9.2 14.2 61 −5.0 −7.7 −12.7 61
3 Sys 14.2 21.9 61 4.2 13.7 77 −10.0 −8.2 −18.2 45
9c NPY HF v LF 1st series NLX 0.1 mg/kg Sys 11.5 15.7 58 8.9 9.2 51 −2.6 −6.5 −9.1 71
0.3 Sys 11.5 15.7 58 6.5 7.4 53 −5.0 −8.3 −13.3 62
9d 2nd series 1 mg/kg Sys 7.4 9.6 56 3.3 2.8 46 −4.1 −6.8 −10.9 62
3 Sys 7.4 9.6 56 2.6 2.6 50 −4.8 −7.0 −11.8 59
10 Gosnell et al. 19924 AL HF v LF Chronic NTX 210 μg/kg/h Sys 55.0 63.0 53 21.0 25.0 54 −34.0 −38.0 −72.0 53
11 Hagan et al. 19975 24 h dep HF or LF NLX 0.1 mg/kg Sys 22.0 33.0 60 29.0 13.0 31 7.0 −20.0 −20.0 100
1 Sys 22.0 33.0 60 19.0 12.0 39 −3.0 −21.0 −24.0 88
12 Kirkham et al. 19876 AL HF or LF NTX 1 mg/kg Sys 18.0 22.0 55 17.0 18.5 52 −1.0 −3.5 −4.5 78
10 Sys 18.0 22.0 55 16.0 18.0 53 −2.0 −4.0 −6.0 67
13a Koch and Bodnar 1994 24 h dep macro NTX 50 μg ICV 10.0 38.0 79 8.0 18.0 69 −2.0 −20.0 −22.0 91
13b 2DG macro NTX 5 μg ICV 7.0 12.0 63 11.0 5.0 31 4.0 −7.0 −7.0 100
20 ICV 7.0 12.0 63 4.0 4.0 50 −3.0 −8.0 −11.0 73
13c 24 h dep macro NTX 0.5 mg/kg Sys 15.0 30.0 67 6.0 22.0 79 −9.0 −8.0 −17.0 47
5 Sys 15.0 30.0 67 6.0 15.0 71 −9.0 −15.0 −24.0 63
13d 2DG macro NTX 0.1 mg/kg Sys 8.0 12.0 60 8.0 6.0 43 0.0 −6.0 −6.0 100
0.5 Sys 8.0 12.0 60 3.0 4.0 57 −5.0 −8.0 −13.0 62
5 Sys 8.0 12.0 60 1.0 3.0 75 −7.0 −9.0 −16.0 56
14 Marks−Kaufman et al. 19817 6 h res macro NLX 0.1 mg/kg Sys 25.0 22.0 47 27.0 18.0 40 2.0 −4.0 −4.0 100
1 Sys 25.0 22.0 47 20.0 16.0 44 −5.0 −6.0 −11.0 55
10 Sys 25.0 22.0 47 23.0 15.0 39 −2.0 −7.0 −9.0 78
15 Marks-Kaufman et al. 1985 8 h res macro NTX 5 mg/kg Sys 12.0 37.0 76 5.0 23.0 82 −7.0 −14.0 −21.0 67
16a Romsos et al. 1987 20 h dep HF or LF NLX 0.1 mg/kg Sys 25.0 32.0 56 22.0 22.0 50 −3.0 −10.0 −13.0 77
1 Sys 25.0 32.0 56 17.0 14.0 45 −8.0 −18.0 −26.0 69
10 Sys 25.0 32.0 56 10.0 10.0 50 −15.0 −22.0 −37.0 59
16b AL HF or LF NLX 1 mg/kg Sys 18.0 16.0 47 13.0 13.0 50 −5.0 −3.0 −8.0 38
10 Sys 18.0 16.0 47 11.0 10.0 48 −7.0 −6.0 −13.0 46
16c 20 h dep HF v LF NLX 10 mg/kg Sys 12.0 14.0 54 16.0 4.0 20 4.0 −10.0 −10.0 100
16d AL HF v LF NLX 10 mg/kg Sys 16.0 8.0 33 12.0 4.0 25 −4.0 −4.0 −8.0 50
17a Zhang et al. 1998 24 h dep HF v LF C NTX 5 mg/kg Sys 32.0 20.0 38 32.0 13.0 29 0.0 −7.0 −7.0 100
17b F NTX 5 mg/kg Sys 20.0 40.0 67 25.0 30.0 55 5.0 −10.0 −10.0 100
Site specific injections
Nonspecific 18a Glass et al. 2000 24 h dep HF v LF C=starch NTX 30 nmol ACe 8.8 35.0 80 6.2 19.0 75 −2.6 −16.0 −18.6 86
100 ACe 8.8 35.0 80 6.9 16.9 71 −1.9 −18.1 −20.0 91
18b C=sucrose NTX 100 ACe 20.3 12.0 37 14.6 9.1 38 −5.7 −2.9 −8.6 34
19 Zhang et al. 1998 24 h dep HF v LF NTX 20 μg Nac c 30.0 33.0 52 25.0 19.0 43 −5.0 −14.0 −19.0 74
20a Naleid et al. 20078 AL HF v LF F NTX 100 nmol PVN 19.0 59.0 76 16.5 42.5 72 −2.5 −16.5 −19.0 87
20b C NTX 100 nmol PVN 33.5 40.5 55 35.50 26.5 43 2.0 −14.0 −14.0 100
21a Glass et al. 2000 24 h dep HF v LF C=starch NTX 100 nmol PVN 11.3 16.0 59 6.4 11.8 65 −4.9 −4.2 −9.1 46
21b C=sucrose NTX 10 nmol PVN 23.6 11.2 32 18.6 7.9 30 −5.0 −3.3 −8.3 40
NTX 30 PVN 23.6 11.2 32 12.7 7.6 37 −10.9 −3.6 −14.5 25
NTX 100 PVN 23.6 11.2 32 8.4 6.7 44 −15.2 −4.5 −19.7 23
1

β-FNA was injected once per day for four days. Drug effects for only first day following injection are reported. The baseline preference values reported are the average of 3 pre-drug saline injections that took place over 4 days. These experiments used mice rather than rats.

2

Sucrose (3.2, 10%, or 32%) or fat intake (vegetable shortening) was measured when available on a daily (1 h) or intermittent (every other day) basis. Values reported in Table 2 were taken only from intermittent fat and intermittent 32% sucrose experiments. Total caloric intake as well as sensitivity to naltrexone effects was maximal with these macronutrients presentations, allowing comparison of naltrexone effects across macronutrients. Intake measures reported in the manuscript (grams of fat and mLs of sucrose) were converted to kcal for inclusion in the table.

3

For both 24 h deprivation and NPY (Drive column) experiments, naloxone was administered in two separate schedules. In each case randomized presentation of low doses was subsequently followed by presentation of higher doses.

4

Drugs were continuously infused via osmotic minipumps. Control saline was infused for one full week, followed by naltrexone. Baseline preference was calculated from mean intake over the first week (during saline infusion). Intake on the first day only following naltrexone administration is reported.

5

The high fat food used in this experiment was Almond M&Ms (30% of calories derived from fat). The low fat (high carbohydrate) food was Froot Loops Cereal (3% of calories derived from fat).

6

Values are given in grams of consumption rather than kcal, as caloric density of HF and LF options were not reported.

7

Results reported were taken at the 4 hour time point (intake was measured over a total of 6 hours), the last time point for which statistically significant drug effects occurred.

8

The authors provided measures of total intake (kcal) as well as intake difference (fat kcal – sucrose kcal). Raw measures of macronutrient intake were derived algebraically from these values.