Table 2.
Relative risk (95% confidence interval) of all-cause mortality in women with diabetes according to the cumulative average intakes of whole grain, cereal fiber, bran, and germ (g/day) (1980–2006)*
| Variables | RR (95% CI) according to intakes | P trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Whole-grain intake | 4.8 (< 7.8) | 10.5 (7.8–12.1) | 14.4(12.2–17.4) | 20.6 (17.5–25.4) | 32.6 (25.5–146.0) | |
| Number of cases | 154 | 191 | 154 | 175 | 178 | |
| Person-years | 13994 | 14163 | 13947 | 13945 | 14053 | |
| Age- adjusted | 1.00 | 1.18(0.95–1.45) | 0.81(0.65–1.02) | 0.83(0.67–1.04) | 0.80(0.64–1.00) | 0.004 |
| Multivariate model 1† | 1.00 | 1.24(1.00–1.54) | 0.84(0.67–1.06) | 0.91(0.73–1.14) | 0.89(0.71–1.11) | 0.06 |
| Multivariate model 2‡ | 1.00 | 1.24(0.99–1.54) | 0.82(0.65–1.04) | 0.89(0.70–1.13) | 0.89(0.69–1.14) | 0.11 |
| Cereal fiber intake | 1.9 (< 2.57) | 2.99 (2.57–3.40) | 3.80(3.41–4.22) | 4.70 (4.23–5.30) | 6.29 (5.31–22.50) | |
| Number of cases | 147 | 176 | 177 | 176 | 176 | |
| Person-years | 13956 | 13949 | 14079 | 14084 | 14035 | |
| Age- adjusted | 1.00 | 0.94(0.75–1.18) | 0.86(0.68–1.07) | 0.77(0.61–0.97) | 0.69(0.54–0.87) | 0.0003 |
| Multivariate model 1† | 1.00 | 1.03(0.82–1.29) | 0.99(0.78–1.25) | 0.88(0.70–1.12) | 0.81(0.64–1.03) | 0.02 |
| Multivariate model 2‡ | 1.00 | 1.08(0.85–1.36) | 1.06(0.83–1.35) | 0.95(0.74–1.23) | 0.86(0.66–1.12) | 0.10 |
| Bran intake | 0.8 (< 1.40) | 1.88 (1.40–2.50) | 3.22(2.51–4.04) | 5.16 (4.05–6.85) | 9.73 (6.86–68.4) | |
| Number of cases | 164 | 160 | 177 | 174 | 177 | |
| Person-years | 14116 | 14045 | 14209 | 13687 | 14044 | |
| Age- adjusted | 1.00 | 0.90(0.72–1.12) | 0.81(0.65–1.00) | 0.75(0.60–0.94) | 0.69(0.55–0.86) | 0.001 |
| Multivariate model 1† | 1.00 | 0.95(0.76–1.18) | 0.85(0.68–1.05) | 0.86(0.68–1.07) | 0.75(0.60–0.95) | 0.01 |
| Multivariate model 2‡ | 1.00 | 0.94(0.75–1.18) | 0.80(0.64–1.01) | 0.82(0.65–1.04) | 0.72(0.56–0.92) | 0.01 |
| Germ intake | 0.2 (< 0.33) | 0.46 (0.33–0.51) | 0.61(0.52–0.74) | 0.9 (0.75–1.10) | 1.51 (1.11–18.3) | |
| Number of cases | 166 | 178 | 175 | 160 | 173 | |
| Person-years | 14218 | 14014 | 13914 | 13969 | 13987 | |
| Age- adjusted | 1.00 | 1.10(0.89–1.35) | 0.90(0.72–1.11) | 0.80(0.64–0.99) | 0.84(0.68–1.05) | 0.03 |
| Multivariate model 1† | 1.00 | 1.13(0.91–1.40) | 0.92(0.74–1.14) | 0.89(0.71–1.12) | 0.95(0.76–1.18) | 0.35 |
| Multivariate model 2‡ | 1.00 | 1.12(0.91–1.40) | 0.89(0.72–1.11) | 0.89(0.71–1.13) | 0.99(0.78–1.26) | 0.69 |
For the intake level at each quintile, values were expressed as median (range).
Adjusted for age (5-year categories), smoking status (never, past and current 1–14, 15–24 or ≥ 25 cigarettes/day), BMI (<23.0, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–27.9, 28.0–29.9 or ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–14 or ≥ 15 g/day), physical activity (<1, 1–1.9, 2–3.9, 4–6.9 or ≥ 7 h/week), parental history of MI, menopausal status and use of hormone therapy, and duration of diabetes (<5, 5–10, 11–15 or ≥ 15 years).
Adjusted for covariates in model 1 plus total energy, intakes of polyunsaturated, saturated and trans fat, magnesium, and folate (all in quintiles). RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.